Skip to main content
Download PDF

High expression of KPNA2 defines poor prognosis in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy

BMC Cancer volume 15, Article number: 380 (2015) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

To analyze the expression of karyopherin alpha 2 (KPNA2) in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and to investigate whether the KPNA2 expression provides additional prognostic information following radical nephroureterectomy (RNU).

Methods

A tissue microarray (TMA) containing samples from 176 patients with UTUC who underwent RNU at our institute was analyzed for KPNA2 expression using immunohistochemistry. KPNA2 expression in normal urothelial cell line and urothelial carcinoma cell lines was evaluated by western blot analysis. Using RNA interference in vitro, the effects of KPNA2 inhibition on cellular viability, migration and apoptosis were determined.

Results

KPNA2 expression was significantly upregulated in the UTUC samples compared with the adjacent normal urothelial tissues. High KPNA2 immunoreactivity was identified as a predictor of bladder recurrence (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.017, 95% CI 1.13-3.61, p = 0.018), poor disease-free survival (DFS, HR: 2.754, 95% CI 1.68-4.51, p = 0.001) and poor overall survival (OS, HR: 4.480, 95% CI 1.84-10.89, p = 0.001) for patients with UTUC after RNU. Furthermore, high KPNA2 immunoreactivity was independent of the conventional predictive factors in a multivariate analysis. Additional in vitro experiments revealed that KPNA2 expression was higher in urothelial carcinoma cell lines than in normal urothelial cell line. KPNA2 inhibition with a specific siRNA decreased cell viability and migration and increased apoptosis in urothelial carcinoma cell lines.

Conclusions

KPNA2 is a novel independent prognostic marker for bladder recurrence, DFS and OS of UTUC patients who have undergone RNU. Moreover, these data suggest that KPNA2 may be a promising therapeutic target for UTUC.

Peer Review reports

Background

Urothelial carcinomas are the fourth most common tumors after prostate (or breast), lung and colorectal cancer. This carcinoma is derived from the urothelium of the upper urinary tract (renal pelvis and ureter) or lower urinary tract (urinary bladder). In contrast with bladder urothelial carcinomas, upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUCs) are relatively rare and account for only 5 to 10% of urothelial carcinomas [1] A previous study found that the ratio of urothelial carcinoma incidence in the renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder is approximately 3:1:51 [2].Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with excision of the bladder cuff is the standard procedure for UTUC [3]. However, tumor recurrence remains common; specifically, the disease recurs in the bladder in 22–47% of UTUC patients [4]. The clinical characteristics and prognosis are different for UTUC and bladder cancer. The upper urinary tract has specific relevant anatomical characteristics, including a thin muscle layer, proximity to the kidney and rich lymphatic drainage. Tumor invasion may significantly influence distant metastasis and progression in UTUC patients. Approximately 60% of UTUCs are invasive at diagnosis, in contrast to only 15-25% of bladder cancers [5,6].

To date, the prognostic factors for recurrence and survival of patients after RNU remain unclear, and the published studies on prognostic factors for UTUC are limited and conflicting [7-9]. The clinicopathologic parameters of UTUC, such as tumor stage, histologic grade, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI), have been reported as independent predictors of clinical outcome following radical surgery [10].Some molecular markers, such as E-cadherin, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, snail, and Ki67 are also independently associated with tumor recurrence and poor survival [11]. However, none of the currently available markers have fulfilled the clinical and statistical criteria necessary to support their introduction into daily clinical decision making. Thus, identifying specific novel genes that can be effectively used as therapeutic targets and/or prognostic biomarkers is critical for the treatment of UTUC. However, only a relatively small number of studies have been completed to date.

KPNA2 belongs to the karyopherin (importin) family, which plays a fundamental role in nucleocytoplasmic transport [12]. Together with importin-β, KPNA2 delivers numerous cargo proteins to the nucleus, as guided by a nuclear localization signal that may also be important for oncogenesis [13]. KPNA2 has been identified and validated as a potential biomarker for many cancers, such as non-small cell lung cancer [14], breast cancer [15], ovarian cancer [16], and prostate cancer [17]. High expression of KPNA2 was investigated as an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer and in patients with invasive bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy [18].However, currently it is lack of relevant research about KPNA2 expression in UTCC .

In the present study, we analyzed the KPNA2 expression in UTUC tissues and the prognostic relevance of KPNA2 expression in patients with UTUC who had undergone RNU. Additionally, the role of KPNA2 in the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of urothelial carcinoma cell lines was analyzed in vitro.

Methods

Patient selection

This study was approved by the Review Board of the Peking University First Hospital (Beijing, P.R. China). Informed written consent was obtained from all patients. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and pathologic data from 607 patients who underwent RNU for UTUC from January 2002 to December 2010 at our institute.176 patients with incomplete follow-up data, Among the remaining 431 patients with complete follow-up data, 255 were excluded from the study: 81 had concomitant/previous bladder tumors, 45 had bilateral synchronous UTUC, 34 underwent other surgeries instead of radical nephroureterectomy, 39 had a follow-up period of less than 12 months, 48 patients with a tumor less than 1.0 cm (diameter) (not suitable for formation of a tissue microarray), 8 had a positive surgical margin. At last the remaining 176 patients were included in this study, 81 cases with open surgery, 95 cases with laparoscopic surgery, All UTUC patients undergoing radical nephroureterectomy, not receiving routine lymphadenectomy. Only for those high risk patients, Such as preoperative imaging examination suspected lymph node metastasis, high stage and mulifocality, the routine lymphadenectomy was performed. None of the included patients received preoperative chemotherapy, although postoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy was administered at the time of recurrence or metastasis. The clinical stage was assigned using the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM Staging System for Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer (7th edition, 2010) [19].

In total, we observed 78 male and 98 female patients with a median age of 69 years (29–86) and a median follow-up of 36 months (12–108). The patients went to follow-up appointments on a routine schedule, including regular cystoscopy, urine cytology and clinical examinations. Cystoscopy was performed every three months for the first two years, then cystoscopy intervals were extended to 1 year thereafter. Chest X-ray, serum creatine, abdominal ultrasound, and computed tomography were examined at the same time. We defined bladder recurrence as finding a subsequent bladder tumor during cystoscopy and confirmed it by pathology. The time of first bladder recurrence was used as the endpoint for the study. The follow-up of patients without tumor recurrence was censored to the date of their last visit. In case of death not related to the bladder cancer, follow-up was censored to the date of death. Metastasis or retroperitoneal recurrence was documented.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tissue microarrays and scoring

The tissue microarrays were constructed as previously described [20].IHC was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin -embedded tissue microarrays (TMAs) sections that consisted of paired normal and UTUC specimens from 176 patients. IHC was completed using an SP reagent kit (Zhongshan Biotechnology Company, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. An anti-KPNA2 antibody (1:800 Abcam plc, Cambridge, UK) was used as the primary antibody. For a negative control of the staining procedure, the primary antibody was omitted. Two surgical pathologists reviewed and scored the slides independently for KPNA2 expression without knowledge of the clinical data.

To analyze the KPNA2 staining, the percentage of cancer cells with nuclear immunoreactivity was quantified. Based on an analysis of different cut-off levels and previous studies [18,21], high expression of KPNA2 was defined as strong nuclear staining in at least 10% of the carcinoma cells.

Cell lines

The normal urothelial cell line SV-HUC-1 and the urothelial transitional cell carcinoma cell lines 5637, RT4, T24, UM-UC-3 and J82 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. SV-HUC-1 was cultured in Ham’s F-12 medium. The 5637, RT4 and T24 cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium. J82 and UM-UC-3 cells were maintained in DMEM. All culture media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone) and penicillin sodium (100 U/ml)/streptomycin sulfate (100 μg/ml) (Invitrogen). All cells were grown in a humidified atmosphere incubator with 5% CO2 at 37°C.

RNA interference

Cells were transfected using the INTERFERINTM reagent (PolyplusTransfection, Strasbourg, France) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A pool of two sequence-validated and knockdown-warranted KPNA2-siRNA was used (Homo-1111: 5′-GACUCAGGUUGUGAUUGAUTT-3′ and 5′-AUCAAUCACAACCUGAGUCTT-3′; homo-1400:5′-CCGUUGAUGAACCUCUUAATT-3′ and 5′-UUAAGAGGUUCAUCAACGGTT-3′) (GenePharma, Shanghai, China). Commercial FAM-tagged, negative control siRNAs (NC siRNA) (5′-UCCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3′,5′-ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT-3′) (GenePharma) were used as an efficiency control and as a control for unspecific side effects. Cell lysates were prepared for western blotting 48 h after transfection to determine the efficiency of gene expression ablation.

Western blot analysis

Total proteins from cell lines were extracted in lysis buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA) and quantified using a BCA protein assay (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA). Each extracted protein sample was separated by 10% SDS-PAGE. After transferring the separated proteins to a PVDF membrane (Pall, Pensacola, FL), the membrane was incubated overnight at 4°C with antibodies against KPNA2 (Abcam Plc, Cambridge, UK, 1:1000), PARP (CST, Danvers, MA, 1:1000), PCNA (CST, Danvers, MA, 1:1000), or β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:1000). After four washes with TBST, membranes were incubated with the appropriate HRP-conjugated secondary antibody at 37°C for 1 h. The protein bands were detected using ImmobilonTM Western Chemiluminescent HRP substrate (Millipore) and scanned using GeneSnap (Syngene, Cambridge, UK) acquisition software.

Proliferation assays

The cell proliferation capacity of siRNA-transfected cultures was determined using Cell Counting Kit-8 solution (Dojindo, Gaithersburg, Kumamoto, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, cells were seeded at a concentration of 5 × 103 cells/100 μl/well in 96-well culture plates and treated with 10 μl/well of Cell Counting Kit-8H solution during the last 2 h of culturing. The optical density of the wells was measured at 450 nm using a Multiscan microplate spectrophotometer (Thermo LabSystems, Milford, MA).

Migration assay

Cell migration was assessed using a Boyden chamber assay. A total of 5 × 104 cells in 100 μl serum-free medium were seeded onto the upper chambers of a 24-well Boyden Chamber insert (Costar #3422) with uncoated 8-μm pores. Medium with 10% FBS was added to the lower chambers as a chemoattractant. After 24 h of incubation, cells remaining on the upper surface of the membrane were removed with a cotton swab, and cells that migrated through the membrane filter were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, stained with 0.1% crystal violet, and photographed under a microscope (Olympus BX40 with a DP70 digital camera). The migrating cells were manually counted per high-power field for each condition, and five fields were randomly selected per membrane.

Apoptosis assay

Apoptosis was evaluated by using an Annexin-V/PI apoptosis detection kit (KeyGen Biotech, Nanjing, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Cells were cultured in 6-well plates at a concentration of 2-3 × 105 cells/2 ml/well and transfected with siRNA. Cells were collected 48 h after transfection and then resuspended in 500 μl binding buffer, followed by the addition of 5 μl Annexin V-FITC and 5 μl PI dye. After an incubation of 10–15 min at room temperature in the dark, cells were analyzed using a BD FACStar flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA).

Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) assay

ΔΨm was estimated using a mitochondrial membrane sensor kit containing the cationic lipophilic fluorochrome JC-1 dye (KeyGEN Biotech, Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, 48 h after siRNA transfection, the cells were collected and resuspended in 500 μl JC-1 working solution for 20–30 min. Next, the cells were analyzed using a BD FACStar flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA).

Caspase 3/7 activity assay

A total of 5 × 103 cells were seeded in 96-well cell culture plates. After a 48 h siRNA treatment, apoptosis rates were measured based on the activation of effector caspases 3 and 7 using the Caspase-GloTM3/7 Substrate kit (Promega, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All samples were performed in triplicate.

Statistical analyses

A two-sided Fisher’s exact test or Pearson’s 2-sided χ2 test was used to study significant differences between immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic data. To compare two independent samples, the nonparametric Mann–Whitney test was used. Survival curves for patients with low or high KPNA2 expression were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, with log-rank tests for statistical significance. Uni- and multi-variable Cox regression analyses were used to test the prognostic relevance of clinicopathologic/immunohistochemical data. Only predictive factors that were significant in the univariate analysis were used in the multivariate analysis (Cox’s proportional hazards model). SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS) was used to complete the statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Correlation between KPNA2 expression and clinicopathologic features of UTUC

KPNA2 expression was investigated using immunohistochemical analysis of a TMAs containing 176 paired UTUC and adjacent normal specimens. Representative KPNA2 staining is shown in Figure 1A. KPNA2 expression is significantly higher in UTUC than in adjacent normal tissues. Table 1 lists the clinicopathologic features of patients and their correlation with KPNA2 expression in UTUC specimens. KPNA2 expression was significantly associated with sex (P = 0.038), T stage (P < 0.001) and G grade (P < 0.001).

Figure 1
figure 1

KPNA2 expression in normal and UTUC specimens and its correlation with survival. (A) Representative micrograph of IHC staining for KPNA2 in UTUC and adjacent normal tissues (Original magnification: ×100; ×200). (B) Kaplan–Meier curves of bladder recurrence-free survival, disease-free survival and overall survival of UTUC patients with high KPNA2 expression versus patients with low KPNA2 expression.

Full size image
Table 1 Correlation between KPNA2 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics of UTUC patients after RNU
Full size table

KPNA2 expression is a prognostic marker in UTUC patients after RNU

Using the log-rank test, Kaplan-Meier survival curves show an inverse correlation between KPNA2 expression and the patient survival rate (Figure 1B). The 5-year bladder recurrence-free survival rate for KPNA2-low expression patients (71.9%) was significantly higher than that for KPNA2-high expression patients (59.4%) (P = 0.047). The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate for KPNA2-low expression patients (61.5%) was also significantly higher than the DFS rate for KPNA2-high expression patients (35.1%) (P = 0.001). The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate for KPNA2-low expression patients (88.2%) was also significantly higher than the OS rate for KPNA2-high expression patients (77.3%) (P = 0.005).

High expression of KPNA2 is an independent prognostic factor for poor bladder recurrence-free survival of UTUC patients after RNU

Of the 176 patients, 50 patients (28.4%) developed subsequent bladder tumors at a median interval of 29 months (range: 2–99) after RNU. According to a univariate analysis, the predictive factors for bladder recurrence were age (P = 0.042), sex (P = 0.014), tumor location (P = 0.007), tumor side (P = 0.046), tumor multiplicity (P = 0.001), tumor stage (0.039) and KPNA2 expression (P = 0.001). The multivariate analysis revealed that sex (P = 0.017), tumor location (P = 0.015), tumor multiplicity (P = 0.002) and KPNA2 expression (P = 0.018) were significantly associated with bladder recurrence (Table 2) and were independent risk factors for bladder recurrence.However, tumor side was marginally significant (P = 0.057) in the multivariate analysis. Neither tumor stage nor tumor grade was an independent risk factor for bladder recurrence.

Table 2 Predictive factors for bladder recurrence in UTUC patients after RNU
Full size table

High expression of KPNA2 is an independent prognostic factor for the poor DFS and OS of UTUC patients after RNU

Of the 176 patients, 106 patients (64.2%) were disease-free and alive at a median follow-up of 39 months (range: 13–99). A total of 50 patients (28.4%) developed bladder recurrence, 12 patients (6.82%) developed non-bladder recurrence, and 20 patients (11.4%) developed metastasis. A total of 26 patients (14.8%) died after a median period of 20 months (range: 12–98). A univariate Cox regression analysis (Table 3) revealed that male sex (P = 0.004), tumors located in the ureter (P = 0.015), multiple tumor foci (P = 0.009),high stage(P = 0.012) and high KPNA2 expression (P < 0.001) were highly associated with a shorter DFS. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, only high KPNA2 expression (P = 0.001), male gender (P = 0.002), multiple tumor foci (P = 0.013) and tumor stage(p = 0.022) remained significant. Male sex (P = 0.001), a tumor diameter larger than 3.5 cm (P = 0.005),,high stage(P = 0.001) and high KPNA2 expression (P = 0.001) were significantly associated with shorter OS both in the uni- and multi-variable Cox regression analyses (in Table 4).

Table 3 Predictive factors for disease-free survival of UTUC patients after RNU
Full size table
Table 4 Predictive factors for overall survival of UTUC patients after RNU
Full size table

KPNA2 knockdown reduces the viability and migration of urothelial carcinoma cells

We employed in vitro techniques to investigate the mechanism by which KPNA2 contributes to UTUC malignancy. Consistent with the IHC staining results from UTUC specimens, western blot analysis showed that the KPNA2 level was very low in normal human urinary tract epithelial cell line SV-HUC-1, while cancer cell lines derived from low-grade (5637), superficial (RT4), and invasive (T24, J82, UM-UC-3, and EJ) urinary tract TCC showed increased levels of KPNA2 (Figure 2A). The T24 and J82 cell lines were selected for subsequent analysis because of their high KPNA2 expression levels among the urinary tract TCC cell lines.

Figure 2
figure 2

KPNA2 expression in urinary tract TCC cell lines and KPNA2 knockdown in vitro. (A) Western blot analyses of KPNA2 expression in normal and TCC cell lines of the urinary tract. (B) Western blot analyses of KPNA2 expression in T24 and J82 cells transfected with a control or KPNA2-directed siRNA. (C, D) Proliferation assay results from J82 and T24 cells transfected with a control or KPNA2-directed siRNA. (E) Representative images of migrating cells evaluated by the Boyden chamber assay (Original magnification: ×100). (F) The quantification results for migrating cells are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments, with five random fields counted per chamber. *P < 0.05.

Full size image

siRNA technology was used to knockdown KPNA2 in T24 and J82 cells. Western blot analysis showed that following KPNA2-directed siRNA transfection, KPNA2 protein expression was significantly lower than in cells transfected with control RNA (Figure 2B). Thus, the KPNA2-directed siRNA was effective at silencing KPNA2 expression and was used for subsequent experiments.

Following knockdown of KPNA2, the viability of the cells was significantly lower than that of control cells, as assessed by a proliferation assay (Figure 2C and D). T24 and J82 cell migration was assayed by the Boyden chamber assay. As shown in Figure 2E and F, the number of migrating cells was significantly lower in KPNA2 knockdown cells than in control cells. These studies showed that knockdown of KPNA2 resulted in decreased proliferation and migration of urothelial carcinoma cells.

KPNA2 knockdown induces apoptosis in urothelial carcinoma cells

To assess whether increased apoptosis was involved in the significant decrease in cell viability following KPNA2 knockdown, we employed an apoptosis assay using Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide double staining, followed by flow cytometry analysis. As shown in Figure 3A and B, the apoptosis rate in KPNA2 knockdown cells was significantly higher than in control cells. Consistently, KPNA2 knockdown induced a significant increase in the disruption of the mitochondrial Δψm compared with control cells, which was suggested to be an early event in the apoptotic process [22] [12766472] (Figure 3C, D).Furthermore, the activity of caspase-3 and −7, which are executioners of apoptosis, was also significantly increased after KPNA2 knockdown (Figure 3E). Consistently, the cleavage of PARP, a marker of apoptosis, was significantly increased in KPNA2 knockdown cells as demonstrated by a western blot assay (Figure 3F). The expression of PCNA, a marker of proliferation, was decreased in KPNA2 knockdown cells (Figure 3F). Taken together, these data show that KPNA2 knockdown activated the apoptosis pathway and decreased the proliferation of urothelial carcinoma cells.

Figure 3
figure 3

KPNA2 knockdown induces apoptosis in urothelial carcinoma cells. (A,B) The apoptosis rate, as evaluated by flow cytometry analysis using Annexin-V/PI staining. (C,D) The percentage of cells with mitochondrial Δψm disruption, as evaluated by flow cytometry analysis using the JC-1 dye. (E) Caspase 3/7 activity of T24 and J82 cells transfected with control or KPNA2-directed siRNA. The data in (A–E) represent the mean ± SD of three independent tests performed in triplicate. *P < 0.05. (F) Western blot analysis of PARP cleavage and PCNA expression in control and KPNA2 knockdown cells.

Full size image

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which the relationships between expression of KPNA2 and the most clinically relevant features of UTUCs were evaluated. We demonstrated that KPNA2 was significantly upregulated in UTUC specimens. Moreover, high nuclear KPNA2 immunoreactivity was identified as a novel predictor of bladder recurrence and poor DFS and OS of UTUC patients after RNU, and its predictive ability was independent of the conventional predictive factors such as sex, tumor location, tumor size, and tumor multiplicity. Additionally, KPNA2 knockdown resulted in decreased cell proliferation and migration and increased apoptosis in urothelial carcinoma cells.

The karyopherins are an evolutionarily conserved family of transport factors that mediate the nucleocytoplasmic transport of large complexes (>40 kDa) [23]. The karyopherin family comprises both importins (import factors) and exportins (export factors). To date, approximately 22 importin β proteins and 6 importin α proteins have been identified in human cells [24]. Importin α/importin β heterodimers recognize cargo proteins based on their nuclear localization signal and mediate the classical nuclear protein import pathway [25]. KPNA2 (karyopherin α2) is a member of the karyopherin α family. It delivers numerous cargo proteins to the nucleus and is subsequently shuttled back to the cytoplasmic compartments through binding to Ran-GTP [26].

Identifying risk factors or biomarkers for bladder recurrence of UTUC would contribute greatly to the management of this disease due to its high incidence even after standard surgical procedures. However, there were no well-established prognostic factors until recently. Li and Chen et al. reported that male sex is an independent risk factor for bladder recurrence of Chinese a nd Taiwanese patients with UTUC after RNU [4,27]. Ureteric tumor location is also an independent predictor of bladder recurrence [28,29] and the development of muscle-invasive bladder cancer after RNU [30]. The tumor multiplicity of UTUC was shown to independently influence bladder recurrence after RNU in multiple studies [31]. In our study, KPNA2 immunoreactivity was demonstrated to be a prognostic factor for bladder recurrence of primary UTUC after RNU in the multivariate Cox regression analysis after excluding patients with bilateral synchronous UTUCs and those with previous or concomitant bladder tumors. KPNA2 immunoreactivity was independent of conventional factors, such as sex, tumor multiplicity, and tumor location. To date, none of the published biomarkers for UTUC has been utilized in clinical practice. The description of KPNA2 as an independent prognostic factor for bladder recurrence and survival clearly supports its expression as a promising prognosis biomarker for UTUC.

KPNA2 may affect oncogenesis by mediating the subcellular localization of cancer-associated cargo proteins. For example, KPNA2 controls the import of NBS1, a key component of the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex that is involved in processing double-strand breaks, DNA recombination, and the maintenance of genomic stability [32]. NBS1 plays opposing roles in carcinogenesis based on its subcellular localization and is mainly regulated by KPNA2. Cytoplasmic NBS1 promotes tumorigenesis by activating the PI3-kinase/AKT pathway, while nuclear NBS1 acts as a tumor suppressive protein involved in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control [33]. The NF-κB family member p65 (RelA) is also a cargo protein of KPNA2 [34]. Nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 can promote carcinogenesis by increasing proliferation and migration and by activating the antiapoptotic pathway in cancer cells. Moreover, NF-κB p65 nuclear immunoreactivity is increased in UTUC tissues and is an independent predictor for disease-free survival and OS [35]. Therefore, the inhibited proliferation and migration and the increased apoptosis after KPNA2 silencing in our in vitro model may be due to the decreased nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 by KPNA2. However, further studies are needed to fully illustrate the reciprocal effects between KPNA2 expression and p65-signaling in UTUC.

Our study has some limitations. First, it is limited by its single-institution and retrospective study design and the relatively short follow-up duration. Future prospective validation studies should be performed across multiple centers. Second, the present study does not include information on other risk factors, such as concomitant carcinoma in situ, urine cytology or surgical modality, which may improve the accuracy of bladder recurrence and survival predictions. Third, in the production of tissue microarrays, because of the limitations of pathologic specimens, we did not choose the tumor specimens whose diameter less than 1 cm, and that maybe cause selection bias.Additionally, our study focused on immunoreactivity of KPNA2 by IHC, thus, we did not fully evaluate the associations between KPNA2 immunoreactivity and other reported biomarkers, such as serum C-reactive protein levels [36], or KPNA2 cargo proteins, such as NF-κB p65 or NBS1.

Conclusions

In conclusion, our results demonstrate that KPNA2 is overexpressed in UTUC specimens. Moreover, in this study, high expression of KPNA2 was a novel independent predictor for bladder recurrence and poor DFS and OS of UTUC patients after RNU.Further functional studies and prospective validation studies are needed to determine whether KPNA2 is a suitable therapeutic target or whether its high expression can be used as a novel risk factor when selecting UTUC patients who require more aggressive treatment regimens in the clinic.

Ethical statement

This study was approved by the Ethic Commette of the Peking University First Hospital (Beijing, P.R. China).

Abbreviations

KPNA2:

Karyopherin alpha 2

UTUC:

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma

TCC:

Transitional cell carcinoma

RNU:

Radical nephroureterectomy

siRNA:

small interfering RNA

TMA:

Tissue microarray

BMI:

Body mass index

eGFR:

estimated glomerular filtration rate

DFS:

Disease-free survival

OS:

Overall survival

JC-1:

5, 5′, 6, 6′-tetrachloro-1, 1′, 3, 3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarboc-yanine iodide

References

  1. Zigeuner R, Sylvester R, Burger M, Cowan N, Böhle A, Van Rhijn BW, et al. European guidelines on upper tract urothelial carcinomas: 2013 update. Eur Urol. 2013;63(6):1059–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Williams CB, Mitchell JP. Carcinoma of the ureter–a review of 54 cases. Br J Urol. 1973;45(4):377–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Li CC, Chang TH, Wu WJ, Ke HL, Huang SP, Tsai PC, et al. Significant predictive factors for prognosis of primary upper urinary tract cancer after radical nephroureterectomy in Taiwanese patients. Eur Urol. 2008;54:1127–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Xylinas E, Rink M, Margulis V, Karakiewicz P, Novara G, Shariat SF, et al. Multifocal carcinoma in situ of the upper tract is associated with high risk of bladder cancer recurrence. Eur Urol. 2012;61(5):1069–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Babjuk M, Oosterlinck W, Sylvester R, Kaasinen E, Böhle A, Palou-Redorta J, et al. EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, the 2011 update. Eur Urol. 2011;59(6):997–1008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Margulis V, Shariat SF, Matin SF, Kamat AM, Zigeuner R, Kikuchi E, et al. Outcomes of radical nephroureterectomy: a series from the Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Collaboration. Cancer. 2009;115(6):1224–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Novara G, De MV, Gottardo F, Dalpiaz O, Bouygues V, Galfano A, et al. Independent predictors of cancer-specific survival in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: multi-institutional dataset from 3 European centers. Cancer. 2007;110:1715.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Milojevic B, Djokic M, Sipetic-Grujicic S, Milenkovic-Petronic D, Vuksanovic A, Bumbasirevic U, et al. Upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: location is not correlated with prognosis. BJU Int. 2012;109:1037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Van der Poel HG, Antonini N, van Tinteren H, Horenblas S. Upper urinary tract cancer: location is correlated with prognosis. Eur Urol. 2005;48:438–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fang D, Xiong GY, Li XS, Chen XP, Zhang L, Yao L, et al. Pattern and risk factors of intravesical recurrence after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a large Chinese center experience. J Formos Med Assoc. 2014;113(11):820–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lughezzani G, Burger M, Margulis V, Matin SF, Novara G, Roupret M, et al. Prognostic factors in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas: a comprehensive review of the current literature. Eur Urol. 2012;62(1):100–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Noetzel E, Rose M, Bornemann J, Gajewski M, Knüchel R, Dahl E. Nuclear transport receptor karyopherin-alpha2 promotes malignant breast cancer phenotypes in vitro. Oncogene. 2012;31:2101–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Wang CI, Chien KY, Wang CL, Liu HP, Cheng CC, Chang YS, et al. Quantitative proteomics reveals regulation of karyopherin subunit alpha-2 (KPNA2) and its potential novel cargo proteins in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2012;11:1105–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang CI, Wang CL, Wang CW, Chen CD, Wu CC, Liang Y, et al. Importin subunit alpha-2 is identified as a potential biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer by integration of the cancer cell secretome and tissue transcriptome. Int J Cancer. 2011;128:2364–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dahl E, Kristiansen G, Gottlob K, Klaman I, Ebner E, Hinzmann B, et al. Molecular profiling of laser-microdissected matched tumor and normal breast tissue identifies karyopherin alpha2 as a potential novel prognostic marker in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:3950–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Zheng M, Tang L, Huang L, Ding H, Liao WT, Zeng MS, et al. Overexpression of karyopherin-2 in epithelial ovarian cancer and correlation with poor prognosis. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:884–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Grupp K, Habermann M, Sirma H, Simon R, Steurer S, Hube-Magg C, et al. High nuclear karyopherin α 2 expression is a strong and independent predictor of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer patients treated by radical prostatectomy. Mod Pathol. 2014;27(1):96–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Jensen JB, Munksgaard PP, Sorensen CM, Fristrup N, Birkenkamp-Demtroder K, Ulhøi BP, et al. High expression of karyopherin-alpha2 defines poor prognosis in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and in patients with invasive bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy. Eur Urol. 2011;59:841–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Webber C, Gospodarowicz M, Sobin LH, Wittekind C, Greene FL, Mason MD, et al. Improving the TNM classification: findings from a 10-year continuous literature review. Int J Cancer. 2014;135(2):371–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kononen J, Bubendorf L, Kallioniemi A, Bärlund M, Schraml P, Leighton S, et al. Tissue microarrays for high-throughput molecular profiling of tumor specimens. Nat Med. 1998;4:844–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ikenberg K, Valtcheva N, Brandt S, Zhong Q, Wong CE, Noske A, et al. KPNA2 is overexpressed in human and mouse endometrial cancers and promotes cellular proliferation. J Pathol. 2014;234(2):239–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ly JD, Grubb DR, Lawen A. The mitochondrial membrane potential (deltapsi (m)) in apoptosis; an update. Apoptosis. 2003;8:115–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Radu A, Blobel G, Moore MS. Identification of a protein complex that is required for nuclear protein import and mediates docking of import substrate to distinct nucleoporins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:1769–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Goldfarb DS, Corbett AH, Mason DA, Harreman MT, Adam SA. Importin alpha: a multipurpose nuclear-transport receptor. Trends Cell Biol. 2004;14(9):505–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lange A, Mills RE, Lange CJ, Stewart M, Devine SE, Corbett AH. Classical nuclear localization signals: definition, function, and interaction with importin alpha. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(8):5101–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Stewart M. Molecular mechanism of the nuclear protein import cycle. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007;8:195–208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Chen XP, Xiong GY, Li XS, Matin SF, Garcia M, Fang D, et al. Predictive factors for worse pathological outcomes of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: experience from anationwide high-volume centre in China. BJU Int. 2013;112(7):917–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zigeuner RE, Hutterer G, Chromecki T, Rehak P, Langner C. Bladder tumour development after urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract is related to primary tumour location. BJU Int. 2006;98:1181–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Xylinas E, Kluth L, Passoni N, Trinh QD, Rieken M, Lee RK, et al. Prediction of intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy: development of a clinical decision-making tool. Eur Urol. 2014;65:650–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kim KH, You D, Jeong IG, Hong JH, Ahn H, Kim CS. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer developing after nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol. 2013;31:1643–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kang CH, Yu TJ, Hsieh HH, Yang JW, Shu K, Huang CC, et al. The development of bladder tumors and contralateral upper urinary tract tumors after primary transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Cancer. 2003;98:1620–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Tseng SF, Chang CY, Wu KJ, Teng SC. Importin KPNA2 is required for proper nuclear localization and multiple functions of NBS1. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(47):39594–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Chen YC, Su YN, Chou PC, Chiang WC, Chang MC, Wang LS, et al. Overexpression of NBS1 contributes to transformation through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(37):32505–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Liang P, Zhang H, Wang G, Li S, Cong S, Luo Y, et al. KPNB1, XPO7 and IPO8 mediate the translocation of NF-kappaB/p65 into the nucleus. Traffic. 2013;14:1132–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Yeh HC, Huang CH, Yang SF, Li CC, Chang LL, Lin HH, et al. Nuclear factor-kappaB activation predicts an unfavourable outcome in human upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. BJU Int. 2010;106:1223–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Tanaka N, Kikuchi E, Shirotake S, Kanao K, Matsumoto K, Kobayashi H, et al. The predictive value of C-reactive protein for prognosis in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy: a multi-institutional study. Eur Urol. 2014;65:227–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grants from the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. 7122183), the Collaborative Research Foundation of Peking University Health Science Center and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine (BMU20120318), the National Natural Science Foundation (No.81172419,81372746), the Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (No.A2014653) and the Science and Technology Project in Shenzhen (No.201302052).

Author information

Author notes

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, China

      Bentao Shi

    2. National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing& Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China

      Bentao Shi, Boxing Su, Dong Fang, Yuan Tang, Gengyan Xiong, Zhongqiang Guo, Qun He, Xinyu Yang, Yinglu Guo, Xuesong Li & Liqun Zhou

    3. Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China

      Boxing Su, Dong Fang, Yuan Tang, Gengyan Xiong, Zhongqiang Guo, Yinglu Guo, Xuesong Li & Liqun Zhou

    4. Department of Urological Pathology, Peking University First Hospital & Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China

      Qun He & Xinyu Yang

    5. Department of Cell Biology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China

      Wei Zhao

    Authors
    1. Bentao Shi
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Boxing Su
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Dong Fang
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    4. Yuan Tang
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    5. Gengyan Xiong
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    6. Zhongqiang Guo
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    7. Qun He
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    8. Xinyu Yang
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    9. Wei Zhao
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    10. Yinglu Guo
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    11. Xuesong Li
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    12. Liqun Zhou
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Corresponding authors

    Correspondence to Xuesong Li or Liqun Zhou.

    Additional information

    Competing interests

    The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

    Authors’ contributions

    BShi, BSu, XL and LZ conceived the experiments and analysed the data; QH and XY examined the tumor sections; BShi, BSu , DF, YT, GX, WZ and ZG carried out experiments; BSu, YG and BShi drafted the manuscript; XL, LZ supervised research project, acted as corresponding authors and did the revisions. All authors were involved in writing the paper and approved the submitted manuscript.

    Bentao Shi and Boxing Su contributed equally to this work.

    Rights and permissions

    Open Access  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

    The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

    To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

    The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

    Reprints and permissions

    About this article

    Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

    Cite this article

    Shi, B., Su, B., Fang, D. et al. High expression of KPNA2 defines poor prognosis in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy. BMC Cancer 15, 380 (2015). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12885-015-1369-8

    Download citation

    • Received:

    • Accepted:

    • Published:

    • DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12885-015-1369-8

    Keywords

    BMC Cancer

    ISSN: 1471-2407

    Contact us