Greater family size is associated with less cancer risk: an ecological analysis of 178 countries

You, Wenpeng; Rühli, Frank J; Henneberg, Renata J; Henneberg, Maciej

doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4837-0

BMC Cancer

Table 1 Pearson, Nonparametric and partial correlation between family size and each cancer variable

From: Greater family size is associated with less cancer risk: an ecological analysis of 178 countries

	All countries n = 178						Developed countries n = 98								Developing countries n = 80
	Pearson		Nonparametric		Partial^		Pearson		Nonparametric		Partial^		Pearson		Nonparametric		Partial^
	r	n	rho	n	r	df	r	n	rho	n	r	df	r	n	rho	n	r	df
All cancers excl. Non-melanoma skin cancer (C00–97, but C44) - all ages: total	−0.700^***	178	−0.716^***	178	− 0.362^***	161	− 0.625^***	98	− 0.540^***	98	− 0.470^***	87	− 0.399^***	80	− 0.334^**	80	−0.172	68
All cancers excl. Non-melanoma skin cancer (C00–97, but C44)- all ages: female	−0.614^***	178	−0.640^***	178	−0.230^**	161	−0.559^**	98	−0.477^***	98	−0.362^***	87	−0.200^*	80	−0.140	80	−0.018	68
All cancers excl. Non-melanoma skin cancer (C00–97, but C44) - all ages: male	−0.751^***	178	−0.761^***	178	−0.449^***	161	−0.661^***	98	−0.582^***	98	−0.532^***	87	−0.530^***	80	−0.457^***	80	−0.303^*	68
All cancers excl. Non-melanoma skin cancer (C00–97, but C44) – 0-49: total^a	− 0.752^***	178	−0.777^***	178	−0.534^***	162	−0.658^***	98	−0.655^***	98	−0.581^***	88	−0.563^***	80	−0.498^***	80	−0.430^***	69
All cancers excl. Non-melanoma skin cancer (C00–97, but C44) – 0-49: female^a	− 0.751^***	178	−0.762^***	178	−0.492^***	162	−0.633^***	98	−0.581^***	98	−0.534^***	88	−0.537^***	80	−0.482^***	80	−0.384^***	69
All cancers excl. Non-melanoma skin cancer (C00–97, but C44) – 0-49: male^a	− 0.727^***	178	−0.765^***	178	−0.542^***	162	−0.684^***	98	−0.705^***	98	−0.621^***	88	−0.526^***	80	−0.449^***	80	−0.430^***	69
Bladder (C67), all ages	−0.622^***	178	−0.653^***	178	−0.250^***	161	−0.532^***	98	−0.552^***	98	−0.406^***	87	−0.253^*	80	−0.144	80	−0.112	68
Breast(C50), all ages	−0.565^***	178	−0.626^***	178	−0.088	161	−0.475^***	98	−0.406^***	98	−0.213^*	87	−0.077	80	−0.102	80	0.091	68
Cervix uteri (C53), all ages	0.451^***	178	0.504^***	178	−0.110	161	0.192	98	0.223^*	98	−0.067	87	0.358^***	80	0.470^***	80	−0.038	68
Colorectum (C18–21), all ages	−0.777^***	178	−0.790^***	178	−0.316^***	161	−0.698^***	98	−0.638^***	98	−0.528^***	87	−0.489^***	80	−0.436^***	80	−0.091	68
Corpus uteri (C54), all ages	−0.599^***	177	−0.639^***	177	−0.251^***	161	−0.477^***	98	−0.441^***	98	−0.328^**	87	−0.309^**	79	−0.258^*	79	−0.095	68
Lung (C33–34), all ages	−0.829^***	178	−0.798^***	178	−0.453^***	161	−0.650^***	98	−0.576^***	98	−0.525^***	87	−0.748^***	80	−0.725^***	80	−0.442^***	68
Melanoma of skin (C43), all ages	−0.393^***	173	−0.405^***	173	−0.103	159	−0.373^***	94	−0.334^***	94	−0.192	84	0.297^**	79	0.353^***	79	0.145	68
Ovary (C56), all ages	−0.551^***	178	−0.609^***	178	−0.282^***	161	−0.564^***	98	−0.563^***	98	−0.444^***	87	−0.198	80	−0.182	80	−0.089	68
Stomach (C16), all ages	−0.504^***	178	−0.527^***	178	−0.301^***	161	−0.410^***	98	−0.376^***	98	−0.350^***	87	−0.496^***	80	−0.460^***	80	−0.223	68
GDP PPP 2010	−0.714^***	178	−0.703^***	178	–	–	−0.418^***	98	−0.331^***	98	–	–	−0.579^***	80	−0.644^***	80	–	–
Urbanization 2010	−0.772^***	170	−0.742^***	170	–	–	−0.278^**	94	−0.254^*	94	–	–	−0.656^***	76	−0.650^***	76	–	–
Life Expectancy (e₆₀, 2005–2010)	−0.580^***	178	−0.571^***	178	–	–	−0.155	98	−0.043	98	–	–	−0.357^***	80	−0.336^**	80	–	–
Biological State Index (I_bs)	−0.818^***	172	−0.850^***	172	–	–	−0.577^***	94	−0.593^***	94	–	–	−0.767^***	78	−0.826^***	78	–	–

Note: Pearson, Nonparametric and partial correlation reported. Significance level: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05
^Partial correlations were calculated when GDP, Urbanization, Life expectancy (e60) and Biological State Index (I_bs) were kept statistically constant
^aLife expectancy (e₅₀) was not controlled for as it is not relevant in population segment aged 0–49 years old
Data sources and variable meanings:
The International Agency for Research published cancer incidence rates (per 100,000 in 2012) of all cancers incidence rate by sex (total, male and female, 0–49 years and all ages respectively); bladder, breast, cervix uteri, colorectum, corpus uteri, ovary and tomach
The World Bank data: Total Fertility Rate (the mean number of children born to a woman between 2009 and 2011), GDP PPP (per capita purchasing power parity in current international $ in 2010) and Urbanization (the percentage of total population living in urban areas in 2010), Income classifications (High, Upper Middle, Low Middle, Low) used to stratified the 178 countries
The United Nations data: Life expectancy (e₆₀, 2005–2010)
United Nations published (2008) country specific fertility data and WHO published (2012) life table were used for calculating the Biological State Index (I_bs)
All variables were log-transformed for analysis in SPSS

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ISSN: 1471-2407

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