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Table 6 Associations between the Fagerström score for nicotine dependence (by item and overall) and lung cancer among ever smokers

From: Risk of lung cancer among women in relation to lifetime history of tobacco smoking: a population-based case-control study in France (the WELCA study)

 

Cases N (%)

Controls N (%)

OR (95% CI) a

OR (95% CI) b

Time at first cigarette after awakening

 After 60 min

111 (19.5)

205 (50.0)

Ref

Ref

 31 to 60 min

70 (12.3)

43 (10.5)

2.94 (1.86; 4.64)

1.61 (0.98; 2.64)

 6 to 30 min

219 (38.4)

99 (24.2)

4.00 (2.83; 5.64)

1.72 (1.16; 2.57)

 Within 5 min

170 (29.8)

63 (15.4)

5.21 (3.54; 7.66)

1.96 (1.25; 3.06)

Difficulty to refrain for smoking in places where it is forbidden

 No

389 (68.7)

346 (85.2)

Ref

Ref

 Yes

177 (31.3)

60 (14.8)

2.68 (1.91; 3.75)

1.73 (1.21; 2.48)

Essential cigarette in the day

 None

56 (10.0)

118 (29.4)

Ref

Ref

 Other than the first one

124 (22.1)

122 (30.4)

2.08 (1.37; 3.16)

1.23 (0.77; 1.94)

 The first one in the morning

307 (54.8)

128 (31.9)

4.85 (3.28; 7.17)

1.79 (1.13; 2.83)

 All

73 (13.0)

33 (8.2)

4.67 (2.74; 7.97)

1.93 (1.07; 3.48)

Mean smoking intensity during dependence periods (cigarettes/day)

  ≤ 10

53 (9.3)

138 (33.6)

Ref

Ref

 11–20

192 (33.5)

144 (35)

3.36 (2.26; 5.00)

1.42 (0.90; 2.24)

 21–30

135 (23.6)

65 (15.8)

5.49 (3.51; 8.59)

1.93 (1.15; 3.24)

  ≥ 31

193 (33.7)

64 (15.6)

8.39 (5.4; 13.06)

2.30 (1.34; 3.93)

Smoking intensity during the first hour after awakening compared to the rest of the day

 

 Not different

358 (65.2)

343 (84.1)

Ref

Ref

 More intense

191 (34.8)

65 (15.9)

2.60 (1.88; 3.61)

1.11 (0.76; 1.61)

Smoking while ill in bed most of the day

 No

256 (46.4)

293 (72.4)

Ref

Ref

 Yes

296 (53.6)

112 (27.7)

2.96 (2.23; 3.94)

1.44 (1.04; 1.99)

Overall total Fagerström score

 0–3 (low dependence)

138 (27.0)

224 (59.6)

Ref

Ref

 4–6 (moderate dependence)

173 (33.9)

90 (23.9)

3.15 (2.24; 4.44)

1.56 (1.06; 2.31)

 7–10 (high dependence)

200 (39.1)

62 (16.5)

5.08 (3.52; 7.34)

1.93 (1.25; 2.99)

  1. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio
  2. a Odds ratio adjusted for age (continuous), area of residence, education, and BMI 2 years before interview (continuous)
  3. b Odds ratio adjusted for age (continuous), area of residence, education, BMI 2 years before interview (continuous), and the comprehensive smoking index (continuous)
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BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

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