Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants (n = 1188)
25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration (nmol/L) | P values for differences | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Above median (≥64) (n = 597) | Below median (<64) (n = 591) | ||
Patient characteristics | |||
Age at entry (years, mean, sd) | 75.1 (2.7) | 75.2 (2.7) | 0.54 |
Body mass index (kg/m2, mean, sd) | 26.8 (4.5) | 27.4 (4.9) | 0.02 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg, mean, sd) | 138.0 (18.1) | 137.4 (17.9) | 0.57 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg, mean, sd) | 73.4 (11.0) | 72.3 (10.7) | 0.07 |
Previous and current smokers (n, %) | 219 (35.1) | 231 (37.3) | 0.49 |
Diabetes (n, %) | 36 (6.0) | 46 (7.8) | 0.24 |
Chronic kidney disease (n, %) | 43 (6.9) | 41 (6.6) | 0.83 |
Cardiovascular disease (n, %) | 104 (16.7) | 90 (14.5) | 0.29 |
Daily alcohol use (grams, mean, sd) | 6.1 (9.0) | 6.4 (9.6) | 0.62 |
Medication use (n, %) | |||
Angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers | 91 (14.6) | 83 (13.4) | 0.54 |
Beta-blockers | 81 (13.0) | 68 (11.0) | 0.27 |
Diuretics | 79 (12.7) | 96 (15.5) | 0.16 |
Treatment with calcium supplements (n, %) | 314 (50.4) | 332 (53.6) | 0.27 |
Seasons at enrolment (n, %) | |||
Summer | 7 (1.1) | 19 (3.1) | <0.001 |
Spring | 227 (36.4) | 311 (50.2) | |
Autumn | 192 (30.8) | 213 (34.4) | |
Winter | 197 (31.6) | 77 (12.4) | |
Laboratory measurements | |||
Creatinine (umol/L, mean, sd) | 79.8 (15.9) | 76.1 (14.9) | <0.001 |
Albumin (g/L, mean, sd) | 44.0 (2.7) | 43.6 (3.2) | 0.004 |
Calcium (mmol/L, mean, sd) | 2.35 (0.1) | 2.32 (0.1) | 0.005 |
Phosphate (mmol/L, mean, sd) | 1.18 (0.1) | 1.17 (0.1) | 0.61 |
Estradiol | 26.7 (14.6) | 27.9 (17.8) | 0.27 |
Estimated GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2, mean, sd) | 64.9 (13.3) | 68.3 (13.2) | <0.001 |