Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
Study source | Study design | Sex | Age at baseline(years) | No of cases | No of participants | Exposure assessment | Outcome assessment | Exposure categories used in meta-analysis | Adjustment for confounders | Quality assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Islami et al., [15], northern Iran | Population based case–control | F/M | Cases:64.5 ± 10.1 controls:64.3 ± 10.4 | 300 | 871 | Interviews | Endoscopy and biopsy samples | Tea: hot/very hot vs. warm | Ethnicity, daily vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, tobacco or opium use, duration of residence in rural areas, education level, and car ownership | 7 |
Lin et al., [35],Southern China | Hospital based case–control | F/M | Cases:54.5 ± 4.9 controls:52.5 ± 3.7 | 213 | 426 | FFQ | Endoscopically and histologically confirmed | Beverage: hot/very hot vs. lukewarm | Age, sex, educational status, smoking, drinking, body mass index, vegetable and fruit | 6 |
Rolon et al., [45], Paraguay | Hospital based case–control | F/M | ≤45:33 46–55:89 56–65:188 ≥ 66:202 | 131 | 512 | Interviews | Cytology, histology, or radiology | Maté: very hot vs. warm/hot | design variables, lifetime cigarette consumption, and lifetime alcohol consumption | 6 |
Stefani et al., [41], Uruguay | Hospital based case–control | F/M | 40-89 | 166 | 830 | Questionnaire | Histologically verified | Maté: hot/very hot vs. warm | NR | 6 |
Castelletto et al., [43], Argentina | Hospital based case–control | F/M | ≤54:80 55–64:129 65–74:127 ≥ 75:57 | 131 | 393 | Questionnaire | Histological diagnosis | Maté: hot/very hot vs. warm | Education, average number of cigarettes/day, alcohol consumption (ml/day), the design variables | 6 |
Castellsagu´e et al., [11], south America | Hospital based case–control | F/M | 64.0(mean) | 830 | 2609 | Interviews with structured questionnaire | Histologically confirmed or a cytological or radiological diagnosis | Maté, tea, coffee, coffee with milk: hot/very hot vs. cold/warm | Age group, hospital, residency, years of education, average number of cigarettes/day, average amount of pure ethanol/day and gender | 6 |
Ibiebele et al., [12], Australia | Population based case–control | F/M | 18-79 | 521 | 1965 | FFQ | Registries | Tea/coffee: hot/very hot vs. lowest | Age, gender; cumulative history of smoking in pack years, lifetime mean alcohol intake; heartburn and acid reflux symptoms, body mass index, educational status, aspirin use in previous 5 years, total fruit and vegetable intake and total energy intake in kilojoules | 6 |
Szyman´ska et al., [44], Latin America | Hospital based case–control | F/M | NR | 71 | 228 | Lifestyle questionnaire | ICD-O classification | Maté: hot/very hot vs. cold/warm | NR | 5 |
Chen et al., [26], Southern China | Hospital based case–control | F/M | Cases:54.6 ± 6 controls:54.0 ± 7 | 87 | 267 | Self-designed structured questionnaire | Histologically confirmed | Tea: hot/very hot vs. warm | NR | 5 |
Sewram et al., [42], Uruguay | Hospital based case–control | F/M | 35-85 | 295 | 685 | Questionnaire | Registries | Maté: very hot vs. warm/hot | Amount consumed, and duration of mate´ consumption | 5 |
Tang et al., [19], China | Hospital based case–control | F/M | 61 ± 11.4 | 359 | 739 | Structured questionnaire | Medical records and pathology reports | Tea, water, food: high vs. low or mild | Age, gender, education level, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol drinking, family history of cancer in first-degree relatives, daily intake of vegetables and daily intake of fruit | 6 |
Stefani et al., [40], Uruguay | Hospital based case–control | F/M | 40-89 | 234 | 702 | Questionnaire | Microscopically confirmed | Maté: hot/very hot vs. warm | NR | 5 |
Wu et al., [20], China | Population based case–control | F/M | NR | 665 | 2000 | Pretested standardized epidemiologic questionnaire | registry | Tea: high vs. normal | NR | 5 |
Sharp et al., [8], England and Scotland | Population based case–control | F | <75(<80in Trent) | 156 | 312 | Interviews | Histologically confirmed | Tea/coffee: hot/burning hot vs. warm | NR | 5 |
Terry et al., [7], Sweden | Population based case–control | F/M | <80 | 189 | 1004 | interviews | Histologically confirmed | Tea/coffee: hot/very hot vs. cold/lukewarm | Age, gender, body mass index, cigarette smoking, socioeconomic status presence of Gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms, frequency quartiles of hot beverage consumption, and quartiles of alcohol, fruit and vegetables, and energy consumption | 5 |
Lubin et al., 2014, South America, [16] | Case–control | F/M | 35-85 | 1310 | 4118 | Questionnaire | Medical records | Maté: hot/very hot vs. warm vs. | NR | 5 |
Wang et al. [37], China | Population based case–control | F/M | Mean: cases 61.51 controls 60.75 | 355 | 763 | Structured questionnaire | Pathologically diagnosed | Food: hot vs. warm | Age (continuous), marital status and education years | 7 |
Phukan et al., [47], India | Hospital based case–control | F/M | Case:55.0 ± 8.1 control:54.5 ± 7.8 | 502 | 1511 | Investigation | Histopathologically confirmed | Food: hot vs. moderate | Education, income, chewing betel nut and tobacco, smoking, and alcohol use | 4 |
Wu et al., [13], China | Population based case–control | F/M | <50: 67 50–59:219 60–69: 428 70–79:295 ≥ 80:53 | 531 | 1062 | Pre-tested standardized questionnaires | Cancer registration database | Food: hot vs. normal | NR | 4 |
Gao et al., [29], China | Population based case–control | F/M | 30-74 | 902 | 2454 | Structured questionnaire | Registry | Hot soup or porridge: hot/burning hot vs. cold/neither cold nor hot | Age, education, birthplace, tea drinking, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and consumption of preserved foods, vegetables and fruit | 6 |
Hu et al., [32], China | Hospital based case–control | F/M | 35-69 | 196 | 588 | Interviews | Histopathologically confirmed | Gruel: hot/scalding vs. lowest | Smoking, alcohol, income and occupation | 4 |
Garidou et al., [6], Greece | Hospital based case–control | F/M | <60: 79 60–69:103 ≥ 70: 117 | 99 | 299 | Questionnaire | Histologically confirmed | Preferrable temperature: very hot vs. cold to hot | Gender, age, birthplace, schooling, height, analgesics, coffee drinking, alcohol intake, tobacco smoking and energy intake | 4 |
Cheng et al., [51], British | Population based case–control | F | Cases:65.9 controls:65.3 | 74 | 148 | Questionnaire and interview | Histologically confirmed | Preference tea or coffee: hot very/burning hot/hot vs. warm | NR | 4 |
Hanaoka et al., [53], Japan | Hospital based case–control | M | Under 85 years old | 141 | 282 | Structured questionnaire | Confirmed histologically by biopsy examination | Preference for high = temperature food and drink: like vs. dislike | Alcohol consumption (g/week) | 4 |
Srivastava et al., [48], India | Case–control | F/M | NR | 170 | 340 | Pretested. Semi-structured questionnaires | Endoscopic, radiological and histopathological assessments | Food: hot vs. warm | NR | 4 |
Stefani et al., [39], Uruguay | Hospital based case–control | F/M | 40-49:45 50–59:120 60–69:207 70–79:183 80–89:45 | 200 | 600 | Questionnaire | Newly diagnosed and microspically confirmed | Maté temperature: hot/very hot vs. warm | NR | 5 |
Cheng et al., [27], Hong Kong of China | Case–control | F/M | <45:40 45–54:246 55–64: 722 65–74:696 > =75: 294 | 400 | 1998 | Interviews with structured questionnaire | Histologically confirmed diagnoses | Preference for hot drinks or soups: yes vs. no | Adjusted for age and education, place of birth, green leafy vegetables, pickled vegetables, citrus fruits, tobacco and alcohol | 4 |
Gao et al., [30], China | Population based case–control | F/M | 30-74 | 653 | 1965 | Structured, standardized questionnaire | Registry | Burning-hot fluids:yes vs. no | NR | 5 |
Cook-mozaffari et al., [49], Iran | Case–control | F/M | NR | 344 | 1032 | Questionnaire | Registry | Drinking of hot tea: yes vs. no | NR | 4 |
Guo et al.,[31], China | Nested case–control | F/M | 40-69 | 640 | 3840 | Structured questionnaires | X-ray films and cytological, pathological, surgical specimens | Hot liquid:≥1 vs.0 | Years of smoking and cancer history in first degree relatives | 6 |
Ke et al., [34], China | Hospital based case–control | F/M | 29-82 | 1064 | 2168 | Questionnaires and FFQ | Histologically confirmed | Hot Congou drinkers vs. non-hot Congou drinkers | NR | 5 |
Patel et al., [52], Kenya | Hospital based case–control | F/M | Mean:56.1 | 159 | 318 | Questionnaires | NR | Take hot beverages: yes/no | NR | 4 |
Hung et al., [33], Taiwan of China | Case–control | M | Mean:62.4 | 267 | 697 | Interviews according to standardized questionnaire | Histologically confirmed | Hot drink or soup: 3+ time per day vs. <3 time per day | Adjusted for age, educational levels, ethnicity, source of hospital, smoking, alcohol drinking and areca nut chewing | 4 |
Chen et al., [25], Taiwan of China | Hospital based case–control | M | 40-50:284 51–60::291 61–70 :314 > 70:209 | 274 | 922 | Interviews | Newly histologically diagnosed | Hot drink or soup: > = 1 time/d vs. <1time/d | Adjusted for age, educational levels, ethnicity, source of hospital, smoking, alcohol drinking, and areca nut chewing | 4 |
Gao et al., [28],China | Case–control | F/M | 51-65 | 600 | 2114 | Questionnaires | Histologically confirmed | Scalding hot food: daily vs. weekly/never/monthly/seldom | NR | 4 |
Sun et al., [36],China | Population based case–control | F/M | Cases:61.21 ± 8.95 Controls:60.84 ± 8.90 | 250 | 1000 | Questionnaires | Cancer registration database | Hot foods: often vs. sometimes | NR | 6 |
Yang et al., [38], China | Case–control | F/M | Cases:58.1 (8.5) Controls:57.9 (8.8) | 185 | 370 | Questionnaires | Histologically diagnosed within half a year | Hot foods: often vs. Rarely/occasionally | NR | 6 |
Jessri et al., [50], Iran | Hospital based case–control | F/M | 40-75 | 47 | 143 | Structured pre-tested questionnaires | Histologically-confirmed | Food and beverages temperature: hot vs. warm/cold | NR | 4 |
Khan et al., [46], India | Case–control | F/M | Case:54.3(7.6) Control:58.1(8.3) | 100 | 200 | Questionnaires | Histologically-confirmed | Degree of hotness: hot vs. warm | NR | 3 |