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Table 3 Joint effects of inhalants and high exposure of cigarette smoking on nasopharyngeal carcinoma

From: Household inhalants exposure and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk: a large-scale case-control study in Guangdong, China

Exposure factors

Never smokers

Ever smokers ≥20 pack years

Case

Control

OR (95 % CI)a

Case

Control

OR (95 % CI)a

Incense use

 

 Never

142

331

1.00 (reference)

72

101

1.76 (1.16, 2.68)

 Frequent

489

506

1.83 (1.41, 2.38)

390

247

3.66 (2.65, 5.06)

Synergistic indexb

 

SI = 1.67 (1.01, 2.76)

 

Wood stove use

 

 No

265

629

1.00 (reference)

180

198

2.46 (1.80, 3.37)

 Yes

574

561

2.30 (1.82, 2.90)

386

289

3.22 (2.39, 4.34)

Synergistic indexb

SI = 0.81 (0.57, 1.13)

 
  1. aORs (odds ratios) were adjusted for age (years, continuous variable), sex (male, female), education (high school or less, college or more), housing type (block, bungalow), salted fish (less than monthly, monthly, weekly or more), preserved vegetables (less than monthly, monthly, weekly or more), tea (less than monthly, monthly, weekly or more), herbal tea (less than monthly, monthly, weekly or more), slow-cooked soup (less than monthly, monthly, weekly or more), and family history of NPC (no, yes)
  2. bThe synergy index for household inhalant exposure and cumulative cigarette smoking pack-years
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BMC Cancer

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