Fig. 5
Pristimerin inhibits cell proliferation and VEGF production via SPHK-1 inhibition in PC-3 cells under hypoxia. a Cells were treated with pristimerin (1 μM) and/or SPHK-1 inhibitor (SKI) (10 μM) for 24 h under hypoxia. VEGF level was measured by ELISA. Data are presented as means ± SD. ** p <0.01 and *** p <0.001 compared with hypoxia control. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of VEGF and β-actin in hypoxic PC-3 cells. b Cells were treated with pristimerin (1 μM) and/or SPHK-1 inhibitor (SKI) (10 μM) for 48 h under hypoxia. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. Bar graphs represent the percentage of sub-G1, G1, S, and G2-M phase cells. Data represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments. * p <0.05 compared with untreated control. c Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of SPHK-1, PCNA, CyclinD1, CDK4, and β-actin in hypoxic PC-3 cells