Fig. 3

Forest plot for standardized mean difference effect size changes in CRF based on prediction intervals. The black squares represent the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) effect size for each analysis while the left and right extremes of the squares represent the corresponding 95% prediction intervals, derived from the SMD and 95% confidence intervals for each analysis. All analyses are based on a random-effects model and limited to those that were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) with non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals. Results were not pooled across all analyses because some of the results included the same studies. AE&ST&S, Aerobic exercise, strength training and stretching; AE&ST, Aerobic exercise and strength training; GF, General fatigue; PF, Physical fatigue; PFS, Piper Fatigue Scale; RA, Reduced activity; RM, reduced motivation; SAE, Supervised aerobic exercise; ST, Strength training