Cancer type | Cohort information & treatment details | No. of patients | N-cadherin detection method | Association with clinicopathologic features | Association with survival | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Epithelial cancers | ||||||
 Breast cancer | Pre-metastatic; resected | 574 | IHC | High grade & LN metastasis | Shorter PFS (U) | [47] |
Early-stage invasive | 1902 | IHC | Earlier development of distant metastasis | n/a | [48] | |
Primary inoperable and LN negative | 275 | IHC | n.s. | Shorter OS (U) | [49] | |
Invasive; no prior therapy | 94 | IHC | High grade, late stage & LN metastasis | n/a | [50] | |
 Prostate cancer | Clinically localised; radical prostatectomy | 104 | IHC | Poor differentiation, seminal vesicle invasion & pelvic LN metastasis | Shorter time to biochemical failure (U), clinical recurrence (M) & skeletal metastasis (U) | [8] |
Castration-resistant; transurethral resection | 26 | IHC | Higher Gleason score & metastasis | n/a | [51] | |
Localised; no therapy prior to radical prostatectomy | 157 | IHC | Later stage, higher PSA & Gleason score, seminal vesicle invasion and LN metastasis | n/a | [52] | |
Blood from cancer follow-up patients | 179 | Serum ELISA (sN-cad) | Higher PSA | n/a | [53] | |
Radical prostatectomy, metformin-treated | 49 | IHC | n/a | Increased recurrence | [54] | |
 Lung cancer | Adenocarcinoma & squamous cell carcinoma; no therapy prior to surgery | 68 | IHC | Higher TNM stage & poor differentiation | Shorter OS (M) | [55] |
Primary adenocarcinoma; no therapy prior to surgery | 147 | IHC | n/a | Shorter OS (M) | [56] | |
Surgical resection of adenocarcinoma; no prior therapy | 57 | qPCR | LN metastasis | n/a | [57] | |
No post-operative surgery | 186 | IHC | Higher TNM stage & metastasis | n/a | [58] | |
Adenocarcinoma & squamous cell carcinoma; blood collected prior to or up to 3Â weeks after platinum-based therapy | 43 | IF (on CTCs) | n/a | Shorter PFS | [59] | |
 Urothelial cancers | Radical cystecomy with pelvic LN dissection, clinically nonmetastatic bladder cancer | 433 | IHC | Higher clinical & pathologic tumour stage, LN metastasis & LN stage, lymphovascular invasion | Shorter RFS (M), OS (U) & cancer-specific survival (U) | [60] |
Invasive bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy; no prior treatment | 30 | qPCR | n/a | Shorter OS | [61] | |
Transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer | 115 | IHC | Higher incidence of intravesical recurrence | Shorter intravesical RFS (M) | [62] | |
Clinically-localised upper urinary tract carcinoma undergoing nephroureterectomy; cisplatin- based therapy in late-stage patients | 59 | IHC | n/a | Intravesical and extravesical RFS (M) | [63] | |
 Liver cancer | Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma | 100 | IHC | Higher histologic grade, multifocal tumours & vascular invasion | Shorter disease-free and OS | [64] |
Surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma | 57 | IHC | n.s. | Increased recurrence- rate within 2Â years of resection | [65] | |
Surgical resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (no prior therapy); adjuvant therapy in patients with recurrence | 96 | IHC | Higher recurrence of vascular invasion | Shorter OS | [66] | |
 Head & neck cancer | Surgical specimen of HNSCC, patients are +/− LN metastasis | 119 | IHC | Greater tumour size, higher clinical stage & LN metastasis | Shorter OS (M) | [67] |
Laryngeal, oripharyngeal & oral cancer; blood collected following HNSCC resection | 10 | IF | n/a | Shorter OS | [68] | |
Radical surgery for laryngeal cancer; adjuvant therapy in 60% of cases | 50 | (on CTCs) IHC | Higher grade | Increased relapse | [69] | |
Nasopharyngeal cancer | 122 | IHC | LN involvement, distant metastasis & later clinical stage | Shorter OS (nuclear N-cadherin) | [70] | |
 Gastrointestinal tract cancer | Colorectal cancer; no therapy prior to surgery | 37 | qPCR | Local invasion, Dukes staging & vascular invasion | n/a | [71] |
Colorectal cancer; no therapy prior to surgery | 102 | IHC | Larger tumour size, poor differentiation, tumour invasion, LN metastasis & distant metastasis | Shorter OS (M) & shorter disease-free survival | [72] | |
Colon carcinoma; no therapy prior to surgery | 90 | IHC | Greater depth of tumour invasion & higher TNM stage | n/a | [73] | |
Gastric cancer surgery with LN metastasis; no prior therapy | 89 | IHC (on LN) | LN involvement, higher pathological stage, lymphatic invasion & venous invasion | Shorter OS | [74] | |
Curative surgery for gastric adenocarcinoma; no prior therapy, stage II patients received adjuvant therapy | 146 | IHC | Haematogenous recurrence | Shorter survival | [75] | |
 Renal cancer | Blood collected from metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients with prior nephrectomy and therapy | 14 | IF (on CTCs; also CK-) | n/a | Shorter PFS | [76] |
 Ovarian cancer | Surgical specimens of high-grade serous carcinoma | 167 | IHC | n/a | Shorter PFS and OS (U) | [77] |
 Gallbladder cancer | Adenocarcinoma (+/− surgery) | 80 | IHC | Poor differentiation, larger tumour size, TNM stage, invasion & LN metastasis | Shorter OS (M) | [78] |
Squamous cell/adenosquamous carcinoma (+/− surgery) | 46 | IHC | Larger tumour size, invasion and LN metastasis | Shorter OS (M) | [78] | |
Non-epithelial solid cancers | ||||||
 Melanoma | Removal of primary melanoma, various stages of disease | 394 | IHC | Increased Breslow thickness | Distant metastasis-free survival (M; p = 0.13) | [7] |
 Sarcoma | Surgical resection of osteosarcoma | 107 | qPCR | Later stage and distant metastasis | Shorter survival | [79] |
Blood collected from a variety of bone & soft tissue sarcoma patients | 73 | Serum ELISA (sN-cad) | Larger tumour size & higher grade | Shorter disease-free survival (M) & OS (U) | [80] | |
Haematological malignancies | ||||||
 Multiple myeloma | Blood collected from newly- diagnosed patients; no prior therapy | 84 | Serum ELISA (sN-cad) | n/a | Shorter PFS and OS | [81] |
Bone marrow aspirate from newly-diagnosed patients; no prior therapy | 14 | qPCR (on CD38+/CD138+ tumour cells) | n/a | Shorter PFS | [81] |