Characteristic | Cases (N = 49) | Controls (N = 196) | Non-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | |||
Dietary fibre | ||||||
 Sub-optimal | 22 | 44.9 | 15 | 7.7 | 9.83 (4.6–21.2) | 3.58 (1.1–12.3) |
 Optimal (reference)a | 27 | 55.1 | 181 | 92.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Anti-oxidants | ||||||
 Sub-optimal | 32 | 65.3 | 44 | 22.4 | 6.5 (3.3–12.8) | 7.0 (2.2–22.5) |
 Optimal (reference)a | 17 | 34.7 | 152 | 77.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Deep fried food | ||||||
 Sub-optimalb | 26 | 53.1 | 44 | 22.4 | 3.91 (2.0–7.5) | 6.68 (2.0–22.6) |
 Optimal (reference)a | 23 | 46.9 | 152 | 77.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Beverages (tea/coffee) at extremely hot temperatures | ||||||
 Yes | 21 | 42.9 | 9 | 4.6 | 15.6 (6.5–37.4) | Excluded from LRc |
 No (reference)a | 28 | 57.1 | 187 | 95.4 | 1.0 | |
Meals containing excessive amount of chillies | ||||||
 Yes | 36 | 73.5 | 15 | 7.7 | 33.4 (14.7–76.2) | Excluded from LRc |
 No (reference)a | 13 | 26.5 | 181 | 92.3 | 1.0 | |
Food/drink with excessive colouring | ||||||
 Yes | 40 | 81.6 | 34 | 17.3 | 21.2 (9.4–47.7) | Excluded from LRc |
 No (reference)a | 9 | 18.4 | 162 | 82.7 | 1.0 | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
 Yes | 30 | 61.2 | 45 | 23.0 | 5.3 (2.7–10.3) | Excluded from LRc |
 No (reference)a | 19 | 38.8 | 151 | 77.0 | 1.0 | |
Risk drinking category | ||||||
 High risk drinking | 27 | 55.1 | 18 | 9.2 | 12.14 (5.8–25.5) | 11.7 (2.8–49.4) |
 Low risk drinkingd | 3 | 6.1 | 27 | 13.8 |  |  |
 never consumersd (reference)a | 19 | 38.8 | 151 | 77.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Smoking status | ||||||
 Ever smoker | 28 | 57.1 | 21 | 10.7 | 11.1 (5.4–22.9) | NSe |
 Never smoker (reference)a | 21 | 42.9 | 175 | 89.3 | 1.0 |  |
Exposure to passive smoking | ||||||
 Yes | 32 | 65.3 | 24 | 12.2 | 13.49 (6.5–27.9) | NSe |
 No (reference)a | 17 | 34.7 | 172 | 87.8 | 1.0 |  |
Betel quid chewing | ||||||
 Ever chewed | 31 | 63.3 | 21 | 10.7 | 14.35 (6.8–30.0) | 6.1 (2.0–20.0) |
 Never chewed (reference)a | 18 | 36.7 | 175 | 89.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Lifetime total occupational activities (MET hours/week/year)f | ||||||
 Low (< 1.0) | 10 | 20.4 | 66 | 33.7 | 0.51 (0.2–1.1) | NSe |
 Average (1.0–218.1)g | 17 | 34.7 | 91 | 46.4 |  |  |
 High (> 218.1)a (reference)g | 22 | 44.9 | 39 | 19.9 | 1.0 |  |
Lifetime total household activities (MET hours/week/year)f | ||||||
 Low (< 40.7) | 26 | 53.1 | 35 | 17.9 | 5.2 (2.7–10.2) | NSe |
 Average (40.7–323.8)h | 21 | 42.9 | 104 | 53.1 |  |  |
 High (> 323.8)h (reference)a | 2 | 4.1 | 57 | 29.1 | 1.0 |  |
Lifetime total sports and exercise activities (MET hours/week/year)f | ||||||
 Low (< 1.0) | 39 | 79.6 | 111 | 56.6 | 2.99 (1.4–6.3) | 5.83 (1.5–23.0) |
 Average (1.0–40.0)i | 5 | 10.2 | 30 | 15.3 |  |  |
 High (> 40.0)i (reference)a | 5 | 10.2 | 55 | 28.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 |