Table 1 Participants’ characteristics stratified by categories of percentage change in BMI
|  | Total | BMI decrease | Stable BMI (+/−  2.5%) | BMI increase | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | ≥15% | 10–14.9% | 5–9.9% | 2.5–4.9% | 2.5–4.9% | 5–9.9% | 10–14.9% | ≥15% | ||
All | 81,388 | 2783 (3.42) | 4128 (5.07) | 10,122 (12.44) | 9098 (11.18) | 22,187 (27.26) | 10,511 (12.91) | 12,978 (15.95) | 5471 (6.72) | 4110 (5.05) |
Percentage change of BMI, Mean ± SD | 1.02 ± 9.58 | −21.19 ± 6.36 | −12.12 ± 1.41 | −7.14 ± 1.41 | −3.62 ± 0.71 | 0.04 ± 1.36 | 3.57 ± 0.75 | 7.14 ± 1.44 | 12.11 ± 1.40 | 24.23 ± 14.05 |
Sex | ||||||||||
 Men | 38,250 (47.00) | 963 (34.60) | 1593 (38.59) | 4823 (47.65) | 4525 (49.74) | 11,363 (51.21) | 5144 (48.94) | 5999 (46.22) | 2313 (42.28) | 1527 (37.15) |
 Women | 43,138 (53.00) | 1820 (65.40) | 2535 (61.41) | 5299 (52.35) | 4573 (50.26) | 10,824 (48.79) | 5367 (51.06) | 6979 (53.78) | 3158 (57.72) | 2583 (62.85) |
Age at study entry (Year), Mean ± SD | 61.92 ± 5.14 | 63.18 ± 5.51 | 63.18 ± 5.42 | 62.68 ± 5.30 | 62.38 ± 5.23 | 61.81 ± 5.10 | 61.54 ± 5.05 | 61.36 ± 4.93 | 61.11 ± 4.86 | 61.05 ± 4.83 |
  ≤ 59 | 30,558 (37.55) | 836 (30.04) | 1237 (29.97) | 3292 (32.52) | 3087 (33.93) | 8479 (38.22) | 4120 (39.20) | 5351 (41.23) | 2361 (43.15) | 1795 (43.67) |
 60–64 | 25,825 (31.73) | 843 (30.29) | 1222 (29.60) | 3082 (30.45) | 2910 (31.99) | 7043 (31.74) | 3384 (32.19) | 4252 (32.76) | 1775 (32.44) | 1314 (31.97) |
 65–69 | 16,778 (20.61) | 622 (22.35) | 1031 (24.98) | 2425 (23.96) | 2055 (22.59) | 4539 (20.46) | 2050 (19.50) | 2377 (18.32) | 947 (17.31) | 732 (17.81) |
  ≥ 70 | 8227 (10.11) | 482 (17.32) | 638 (15.46) | 1323 (13.07) | 1046 (11.50) | 2126 (9.58) | 957 (9.10) | 998 (7.69) | 388 (7.09) | 269 (6.55) |
Ethnic group | ||||||||||
 White (non-Hispanic) | 74,201 (91.17) | 2513 (90.30) | 3701 (89.66) | 9127 (90.17) | 8244 (90.61) | 20,172 (90.92) | 9617 (91.49) | 11,938 (91.99) | 5075 (92.76) | 3814 (92.80) |
 Black (non-Hispanic) | 2511 (3.09) | 131 (4.71) | 189 (4.58) | 353 (3.49) | 280 (3.08) | 646 (2.91) | 271 (2.58) | 359 (2.77) | 166 (3.03) | 116 (2.82) |
 Others (i.e., Asian, pacific islander, etc.) | 4676 (5.75) | 139 (4.99) | 238 (5.77) | 642 (6.34) | 574 (6.31) | 1369 (6.17) | 623 (5.93) | 681 (5.25) | 230 (4.20) | 180 (4.38) |
Educational level | ||||||||||
 High school graduate or less | 22,383 (27.50) | 898 (32.27) | 1262 (30.57) | 2857 (28.23) | 2477 (27.23) | 5803 (26.15) | 2632 (25.04) | 3600 (27.74) | 1593 (29.12) | 1261 (30.68) |
 Some college | 27,943 (34.33) | 987 (35.47) | 1448 (35.08) | 3540 (34.97) | 3149 (34.61) | 7365 (33.20) | 3604 (34.29) | 4453 (34.31) | 1897 (34.67) | 1500 (36.50) |
 College graduate | 14,696 (18.06) | 429 (15.42) | 659 (15.96) | 1797 (17.75) | 1613 (17.73) | 4260 (19.20) | 2019 (19.21) | 2355 (18.15) | 944 (17.25) | 620 (15.09) |
 Postgraduate | 16,229 (19.94) | 462 (16.60) | 751 (18.19) | 1916 (18.93) | 1842 (20.25) | 4713 (21.24) | 2241 (21.32) | 2556 (19.69) | 1026 (18.75) | 722 (17.57) |
 Unknown | 137 (0.17) | 7 (0.25) | 8 (0.19) | 12 (0.12) | 17 (0.19) | 46 (0.21) | 15 (0.14) | 14 (0.11) | 11 (0.20) | 7 (0.17) |
Family annual income | ||||||||||
  < $20, 000 | 8819 (10.84) | 519 (18.65) | 643 (15.58) | 1198 (11.84) | 934 (10.27) | 1987 (8.96) | 964 (9.17) | 1288 (9.92) | 673 (12.30) | 613 (14.91) |
 $20, 000–49, 000 | 29,878 (36.71) | 1018 (36.58) | 1571 (38.06) | 3758 (37.13) | 3399 (37.36) | 7844 (35.35) | 3757 (35.74) | 4872 (37.54) | 2071 (37.85) | 1588 (38.64) |
 $50, 000–99, 000 | 21,274 (26.14) | 561 (20.16) | 901 (21.83) | 2459 (24.29) | 2433 (26.74) | 6142 (27.68) | 3001 (28.55) | 3461 (26.67) | 1353 (24.73) | 963 (23.43) |
  ≥ $100, 000 | 7028 (8.64) | 127 (4.56) | 243 (5.89) | 783 (7.74) | 774 (8.51) | 2249 (10.14) | 1034 (9.84) | 1120 (8.63) | 451 (8.24) | 247 (6.01) |
 Not answered | 14,389 (17.68) | 558 (20.05) | 770 (18.65) | 1924 (19.01) | 1558 (17.12) | 3965 (17.87) | 1755 (16.70) | 2237 (17.24) | 923 (16.87) | 699 (17.01) |
Marital status | ||||||||||
 Married/cohabiting | 63,693 (78.26) | 2070 (74.38) | 3200 (77.52) | 8006 (79.10) | 7288 (80.11) | 17,833 (80.38) | 8308 (79.04) | 10,097 (77.80) | 4017 (73.42) | 2874 (69.93) |
 Single | 17,586 (21.61) | 709 (25.48) | 922 (22.34) | 2104 (20.79) | 1799 (19.77) | 4319 (19.47) | 2193 (20.86) | 2867 (22.09) | 1442 (26.36) | 1231 (29.95) |
 Missing | 109 (0.13) | 4 (0.14) | 6 (0.15) | 12 (0.12) | 11 (0.12) | 35 (0.16) | 10 (0.10) | 14 (0.11) | 12 (0.22) | 5 (0.12) |
Physical active level compared with 10 years ago | ||||||||||
 About the same | 32,228 (39.60) | 845 (30.36) | 1443 (34.96) | 4173 (41.23) | 3981 (43.76) | 9862 (44.45) | 4471 (42.54) | 4705 (36.25) | 1721 (31.46) | 1027 (24.99) |
 Less active | 41,245 (50.68) | 1482 (53.25) | 2082 (50.44) | 4655 (45.99) | 4140 (45.50) | 10,218 (46.05) | 5212 (49.59) | 7237 (55.76) | 3403 (62.20) | 2816 (68.52) |
 More active | 6788 (8.34) | 399 (14.34) | 530 (12.84) | 1122 (11.08) | 843 (9.27) | 1831 (8.25) | 692 (6.58) | 880 (6.78) | 282 (5.15) | 209 (5.09) |
 Not answered | 1127 (1.38) | 57 (2.05) | 73 (1.77) | 172 (1.70) | 134 (1.47) | 276 (1.24) | 136 (1.29) | 156 (1.20) | 65 (1.19) | 58 (1.41) |
Family history of cancer in their first relatives | ||||||||||
 No | 35,795 (43.98) | 1195 (42.94) | 1777 (43.05) | 4457 (44.03) | 3997 (43.93) | 9853 (44.41) | 4580 (43.57) | 5797 (44.67) | 2363 (43.19) | 1776 (43.21) |
 Yes | 45,386 (55.76) | 1582 (56.85) | 2342 (56.73) | 5644 (55.76) | 5070 (55.73) | 12,280 (55.35) | 5900 (56.13) | 7149 (55.09) | 3096 (56.95) | 2323 (56.52) |
 Missing | 207 (0.25) | 6 (0.22) | 9 (0.22) | 21 (0.21) | 31 (0.34) | 54 (0.24) | 31 (0.29) | 32 (0.25) | 12 (0.22) | 11 (0.27) |
Smoking status at study entry | ||||||||||
 Never smoker | 39,837 (48.95) | 1336 (48.01) | 1999 (48.43) | 4988 (49.28) | 4553 (50.04) | 11,148 (50.25) | 5321 (50.62) | 6287 (48.44) | 2457 (44.91) | 1748 (42.53) |
 Current smoker | 34,725 (42.67) | 1172 (42.11) | 1746 (42.30) | 4302 (42.50) | 3917 (43.05) | 9485 (42.75) | 4433 (42.17) | 5579 (42.99) | 2386 (43.61) | 1705 (41.48) |
 Former smoker | 6816 (8.37) | 274 (9.85) | 383 (9.28) | 829 (8.19) | 626 (6.88) | 1554 (7.00) | 756 (7.19) | 1110 (8.55) | 628 (11.48) | 656 (15.96) |
Missing | 10 (0.01) | 1 (0.04) | 0 | 3 (0.03) | 2 (0.02) | 0 | 1 (0.01) | 2 (0.02) | 0 | 1 (0.02) |
BMI at study entry (kg/m2), Mean ± SD | 27.21 ± 4.78 | 31.31 ± 6.66 | 29.21 ± 5.39 | 28.07 ± 4.92 | 27.22 ± 4.57 | 26.79 ± 4.43 | 26.49 ± 4.33 | 26.76 ± 4.37 | 26.75 ± 4.57 | 26.49 ± 5.04 |
  < 18.5 kg/m2 | 515 (0.63) | – | 12 (0.29) | 52 (0.51) | 31 (0.34) | 111 (0.50) | 56 (0.53) | 63 (0.49) | 33 (0.60) | 157 (3.82) |
 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 27,317 (33.56) | 402 (14.44) | 861 (20.86) | 2688 (26.56) | 2901 (31.89) | 8055 (36.31) | 4123 (39.23) | 4668 (35.97) | 2067 (37.78) | 1552 (37.76) |
 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 34,822 (42.79) | 955 (34.32) | 1684 (40.79) | 4443 (43.89) | 4136 (45.46) | 9626 (43.39) | 4442 (42.26) | 5773 (44.48) | 2272 (41.53) | 1491 (36.28) |
  ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 18,734 (23.02) | 1426 (51.24) | 1571 (38.06) | 2939 (29.04) | 2030 (22.31) | 4395 (19.18) | 1890 (17.98) | 2474 (19.06) | 1099 (20.09) | 910 (22.14) |
BMI at follow-up (kg/m2), Mean ± SD | 27.40 ± 5.03 | 24.57 ± 5.06 | 25.66 ± 4.74 | 26.06 ± 4.56 | 26.23 ± 4.39 | 26.80 ± 4.44 | 27.43 ± 4.50 | 28.67 ± 4.72 | 29.99 ± 5.14 | 32.77 ± 6.58 |
  < 18.5 kg/m2 | 759 (0.93) | 230 (8.26) | 116 (2.81) | 170 (1.68) | 87 (0.96) | 113 (0.51) | 23 (0.22) | 17 (0.13) | 2 (0.04) | 1 (0.02) |
 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 26,555 (32.63) | 1430 (51.38) | 1939 (46.97) | 4411 (43.58) | 3766 (41.39) | 8117 (36.58) | 3192 (30.37) | 2607 (20.09) | 778 (14.22) | 315 (7.66) |
 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 33,972 (41.74) | 737 (26.48) | 1404 (33.94) | 3855 (39.09) | 3778 (41.53) | 9564 (43.11) | 4853 (46.17) | 6262 (48.25) | 2290 (41.86) | 1232 (29.98) |
  ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 20,102 (24.70) | 386 (13.87) | 672 (16.28) | 1686 (16.66) | 1467 (16.12) | 4393 (19.80) | 2443 (23.24) | 4092 (31.53) | 2401 (43.89) | 2562 (62.34) |
Arm | ||||||||||
 Screening | 41,703 (51.24) | 1444 (51.89) | 2134 (51.70) | 5220 (51.57) | 4698 (51.64) | 11,457 (51.64) | 5374 (51.13) | 6616 (50.98) | 2711 (49.55) | 2049 (49.85) |
 Usual care | 39,685 (78.76) | 1339 (48.11) | 1994 (48.30) | 4902 (48.43) | 4400 (48.36) | 10,730 (48.36) | 5137 (48.87) | 6362 (49.02) | 2760 (50.45) | 2061 (50.15) |
Chronic diseases at study entry/follow-up | ||||||||||
 Hypertension | 40,115 (49.29) | 1571 (56.45) | 2153 (52.16) | 5013 (49.53) | 4282 (47.07) | 10,304 (46.44) | 4981 (47.39) | 6509 (50.15) | 2929 (53.54) | 2373 (57.74) |
 Heart attack | 6919 (8.50) | 331 (11.89) | 437 (10.59) | 938 (9.27) | 728 (8.00) | 1655 (7.46) | 796 (7.57) | 1067 (8.22) | 503 (9.19) | 464 (11.29) |
 Stroke | 4177 (5.13) | 250 (8.98) | 318 (7.70) | 625 (6.17) | 461 (5.07) | 917 (4.13) | 456 (4.34) | 595 (4.58) | 293 (5.36) | 262 (6.37) |
 Emphysema | 2742 (3.37) | 145 (5.21) | 188 (4.55) | 357 (3.53) | 263 (2.89) | 573 (2.58) | 289 (2.75) | 404 (3.11) | 233 (4.26) | 290 (7.06) |
 Diabetes | 10,463 (12.86) | 683 (24.54) | 865 (20.95) | 1755 (17.34) | 1164 (12.79) | 2309 (10.41) | 964 (9.17) | 1346 (10.37) | 663 (12.12) | 714 (17.37) |
 Arthritis | 37,895 (46.56) | 1525 (54.80) | 2117 (51.28) | 4785 (47.27) | 4086 (44.91) | 9864 (44.46) | 4643 (44.17) | 5977 (46.05) | 2717 (49.66) | 2181 (53.07) |
 Osteoporosis | 12,233 (15.03) | 559 (20.09) | 700 (16.96) | 1470 (14.52) | 1288 (14.16) | 3111 (14.02) | 1513 (14.39) | 1908 (14.70) | 944 (17.25) | 740 (18.00) |