Fig. 4

The performance of the XGBoost model was evaluated by tenfold cross‐validation in the training set and internal validation in the test set. A The mean AUROC for the XGBoost model in the training set (AUROC = 0.881). B The mean AUROC for the XGBoost model in the validation set (AUROC = 0.699). C The AUROC for the XGBoost model in the test set (AUROC = 0.725). D In the learning curve, the red dashed line represents the training set and the blue dashed line represents the validation set. Abbreviations: XGBoost, Extreme Gradient Boosting; AUROC, area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; AUC, area under curve