Fig. 1

ROC curves displaying preoperative and postoperative prediction models. (A) ROC curve generated for the preoperative period with an AUC of 0.78. The model uses age at diagnosis, sex, and seven clinical variables including headache, vomiting, epilepsy, presence of an intracranial space-occupying lesion or tumor, muscle weakness, speech disorder, and slow reaction. Tumor location variables include the frontal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, corpus callosum, and thalamus. (B) ROC curve for the postoperative period showing an AUC of 0.87. The model incorporates age at diagnosis, sex, WHO grades (2 and 4), molecular parameters (GFAP+, OLIG2+, IDH-1/IDH-2+), clinical symptoms (headache, slow reaction), and tumor locations (temporal lobe, corpus callosum)

† The clinical symptoms and tumor locations in panels A and B contain nonidentical variables and therefore different AUCs.