Table 1 Demographic and clinical data of glioma patients with postoperative recurrence and controls

Preoperative Period

 Age at Diagnosis (Years)

54.61 (13.29), 6.00–78.00

43.25 (13.93), 3.00–82.00

t = 14.95

< 0.0001^****

 Sex male No. (%)

245 (67)

1152 (57)

χ² = 12.74

3.59 × 10^− 4***

 Illness Duration (Months)

3.97 (15.74), 0.10–240.00

5.73 (14.40), 0.05–240.00

t = -1.96

0.05

 Headache No. (%)

184 (50)

754 (37)

χ² = 21.96

< 0.0001^****

 Dizziness No. (%)

44 (12)

288 (14)

χ² = 1.27

0.26

 Nausea No. (%)

16 (4)

75 (4)

χ² = 0.37

0.54

 Vomiting No. (%)

32 (9)

142 (7)

χ² = 1.37

0.24

 Epilepsy No. (%)

8 (2)

161 (8)

χ² = 15.70

< 0.0001^****

 Intracranial Space-Occupying Lesion or Intracranial Tumor^a No. (%)

6 (2)

125 (6)

χ² = 12.32

4.49 × 10^− 4***

 Impaired Consciousness No. (%)

41 (11)

416 (21)

χ² = 17.53

< 0.0001^****

 Muscle Twitching No. (%)

39 (11)

439 (22)

χ² = 23.59

< 0.0001^****

 Muscle Weakness No. (%)

84 (23)

232 (11)

χ² = 35.61

< 0.0001^****

 Limb Numbness No. (%)

23 (6)

125 (6)

χ² = 0.01

0.94

 Speech Disorder No. (%)

46 (13)

145 (7)

χ² = 12.30

4.54 × 10^− 4***

 Memory Deterioration No. (%)

32 (9)

78 (4)

χ² = 16.86

< 0.0001^****

 Slow Reaction No. (%)

22 (6)

31 (2)

χ² = 28.67

< 0.0001^****

 Visual Impairment No. (%)

20 (5)

90 (4)

χ² = 0.73

0.39

 Lethargy No. (%)

4 (1)

9 (0)

Z = -1.54

0.12

 Family History of Glioma No. (%)

1 (0)

0 (0)

Z = -1.42

0.15

Respiratory Diseases No. (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

--

--

 Digestive Diseases No. (%)

1 (0)

0 (0)

Z = -1.45

0.15

 Urinary System Diseases No. (%)

0 (0)

2 (0)

Z = 0.00

1.00

 Hematological Disorders No. (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

--

--

 Endocrine Diseases No. (%)

0 (0)

1 (0)

Z = 0.00

1.00

 Cardiovascular Diseases No. (%)

1 (0)

3 (0)

Z = -0.71

0.47

 Previous Surgical History No. (%)

13 (4)

21 (1)

χ² = 13.75

2.09 × 10^− 4***

 History of Head Trauma No. (%)

0 (0)

6 (0)

Z = -0.53

0.60

Tumor Location

 Frontal lobe No. (%)

155 (42)

1112 (55)

χ² = 19.71

< 0.0001^****

 Parietal lobe No. (%)

55 (15)

274 (14)

χ² = 0.58

0.45

 Occipital lobe No. (%)

38 (10)

122 (6)

χ² = 9.40

2.17 × 10^− 3**

 Temporal lobe No. (%)

152 (41)

580 (29)

χ² = 24.12

< 0.0001^****

 Insular lobe No. (%)

23 (6)

161 (8)

χ² = 1.22

0.27

 Corpus Callosum No. (%)

30 (8)

64 (3)

χ² = 20.78

< 0.0001^****

 Thalamus No. (%)

15 (4)

31 (2)

χ² = 10.81

1.01 × 10^− 3**

 Basal ganglia No. (%)

6 (2)

37 (2)

χ² = 0.06

0.80

 Brainstem No. (%)

0 (0)

10 (0)

Z = -0.88

0.38

 Cerebellum No. (%)

6 (2)

47 (2)

χ² = 0.67

0.41

 Ventricle No. (%)

12 (3)

61 (3)

χ² = 0.07

0.79

 Karnofsky Score^ab (%)

80.98 (14.88), 30.00-100.00

84.91 (12.03), 40.00-100.00

t = 4.77

< 0.0001^****

Postoperative Period

 WHO Grade 1/2/3/4

1/24/42/300

73/896/403/657

χ² = 327.14

< 0.0001^****

 WHO Grade 1 No. (%)

1 (0)

73 (4)

χ² = 11.48

7.03 × 10^− 4***

 WHO Grade 2 No. (%)

24 (7)

896 (55)

χ² = 185.95

< 0.0001^****

 WHO Grade 3 No. (%)

42 (11)

403 (20)

χ² = 14.56

1.36 × 10^− 4***

 WHO Grade 4 No. (%)

300 (82)

657 (32)

χ² = 315.70

< 0.0001^****

 GFAP + ^a No. (%)

345 (96)

1948 (97)

χ²  = 1.47

0.23

 OLIG2 + ^a No. (%)

244 (68)

1593 (80)

χ² = 25.16

< 0.0001^****

 P53 + ^a No. (%)

197 (55)

923 (47)

χ² = 9.20

2.43 × 10^− 3**

 IDH-1/IDH-2 + ^a No. (%)

34 (12)

798 (49)

χ² = 129.91

< 0.0001^****

 Ki-67^a ≥ 20% No. (%)

99 (28)

294 (15)

χ² = 36.78

< 0.0001^****

 TERT + ^a No. (%)

79 (54)

483 (54)

χ² = 0.01

0.91

 1p/19q Codeletion^a No. (%)

2 (2)

92 (12)

χ² = 12.16

4.87 × 10^− 4***

 MGMT + ^a No. (%)

95 (33)

638 (42)

χ² = 8.27

4.03 × 10^− 3**

 EGFR + ^a No. (%)

28 (93)

84 (73)

χ² = 5.57

0.02^*

 Hospitalization Days

19.58 (10.16), 3.00–99.00

18.05 (8.07), 2.00–131.00

t = -2.70

0.01^*

 Chemotherapy/Radiotherapy No. (%)

237 (65)

1674 (83)

χ² = 61.86

< 0.0001^****

 Karnofsky Score^ab (%)

82.35 (18.93), 30.00-100.00

90.63 (12.87), 20.00-100.00

t = 7.52

< 0.0001^****

 ECOG Grade^a

1.19 (0.91), 0.00–4.00

0.76 (0.70), 0.00–4.00

t = -7.92

< 0.0001^****