Table 1 Baseline characteristics of training cohort patients between outcome groups

Age, years ^a

66 [62, 69]

61 [55, 67]

0.025

66 [62, 70]

61 [55, 67]

0.002

67 [62, 70]

61 [55, 67]

0.018

Gender ^b

 Female

7 (15.9)

31 (19.1)

0.787

5 (19.2)

33 (18.3)

1

3 (18.8)

35 (18.4)

1

 Male

37 (84.1)

131 (80.9)

21 (80.8)

147 (81.7)

13 (81.2)

155 (81.6)

ECOG-PS ^b

 0

15 (34.1)

69 (42.6)

0.127

8 (30.8)

76 (42.2)

0.538

5 (31.2)

79 (41.6)

0.524

 1

21 (47.7)

80 (49.4)

15 (57.7)

86 (47.8)

10 (62.5)

91 (47.9)

 2

8 (18.2)

13 (8.0)

3 (11.5)

18 (10.0)

1 (6.2)

20 (10.5)

Smoking history ^b

 Never

8 (18.2)

47 (29.0)

0.212

6 (23.1)

49 (27.2)

0.834

4 (25.0)

51 (26.8)

1.000

 Current/ex

36 (81.8)

115 (71.0)

20 (76.9)

131 (72.8)

12 (75.0)

139 (73.2)

Clinical stage ^b

 III

9 (20.5)

32 (19.8)

1.000

5 (19.2)

36 (20.0)

1.000

2 (12.5)

39 (20.5)

0.655

 IV

35 (79.5)

130 (80.2)

21 (80.8)

144 (80.0)

14 (87.5)

151 (79.5)

Histology ^b

 Non-squamous

21 (47.7)

106 (65.4)

0.049

8 (30.8)

119 (66.1)

0.001

5 (31.2)

122 (64.2)

0.019

 Squamous

23 (52.3)

56 (34.6)

18 (69.2)

61 (33.9)

11 (68.8)

68 (35.8)

Prior thoracic radiation therapy ^b

 No

30 (68.2)

130 (80.2)

0.134

20 (76.9)

140 (77.8)

1.000

14 (87.5)

146 (76.8)

0.502

 Yes

14 (31.8)

32 (19.8)

6 (23.1)

40 (22.2)

2 (12.5)

44 (23.2)

ICI drug target ^b

 PD-L1

6 (13.6)

10 (6.2)

0.186

3 (11.5)

13 (7.2)

0.706

2 (12.5)

14 (7.4)

0.802

 PD-1

38 (86.4)

152 (93.8)

23 (88.5)

167 (92.8)

14 (87.5)

176 (92.6)

Treatment mode ^b

 Combined therapy

28 (63.6)

111 (68.5)

0.666

17 (65.4)

122 (67.8)

0.984

11 (68.8)

128 (67.4)

1.000

 Monotherapy

16 (36.4)

51 (31.5)

9 (34.6)

58 (32.2)

5 (31.2)

62 (32.6)

Number of ICI cycles ^a

12 [22]

8.00 [4, 14]

0.013

11 [5, 27]

9 [17]

0.258

8 [4, 15]

9 [4, 18]

0.55

Best tumor response ^b

 PR

15 (34.1)

72 (44.4)

0.466

11 (42.3)

76 (42.2)

0.397

7 (43.8)

80 (42.1)

0.595

 SD

23 (52.3)

72 (44.4)

10 (38.5)

85 (47.2)

6 (37.5)

89 (46.8)

 PD

6 (13.6)

18 (11.1)

5 (19.2)

19 (10.6)

3 (18.8)

21 (11.1)

Line of ICI therapy ^b

 1

15 (34.1)

67 (41.4)

0.055

11 (42.3)

71 (40.3)

0.152

5 (31.2)

77 (40.5)

0.331

 2

22 (50.0)

62 (38.3)

12 (46.2)

72 (40.9)

10 (62.5)

74 (39.0)

 ≥ 3

6 (13.6)

29 (17.9)

2 (7.7)

33(18.8)

1 (6.3)

34 (17.9)

 Missing data

1 (2.3)

4 (2.4)

1 (3.8)

4 (2.4)

0

5 (2.6)

PD-L1 expression ^b(n = 88)

0.793

0.730

0.422

 < 1%

11 (57.9)

43 (62.3)

11 (57.9)

43 (62.3)

3 (42.9)

51 (63.0)

 ≥ 1%

8 (42.1)

26 (37.7)

4 (44.4)

30 (38.0)

4 (57.1)

30 (37.0)

EGFR mutation or ALK fusion ^b(n = 78)

 No

15 (93.8)

52 (83.9)

0.444

7 (87.5)

60 (85.7)

0.891

5 (83.3)

62 (86.1)

0.851

 Yes

1 (6.3)

10 (16.1)

1 (12.5)

10 (14.3)

1 (16.7)

10 (13.9)

ILA ^{b †}

 Without ILA

23 (52.3)

114 (70.4)

0.081

14 (53.8)

123 (68.3)

0.173

10 (62.4)

127 (66.8)

0.926

 Equivocal ILA

10 (22.7)

22 (13.6)

4 (15.4)

28 (15.6)

3 (18.8)

29 (15.3)

 With ILA

11 (25.0)

26 (16.0)

8 (30.8)

29 (16.1)

3 (18.8)

34 (17.9)

Fibrosis percentage in:

Whole lung ^c

1.25 (3.43)

0.62 (1.62)

0.081

1.69 (4.41)

0.62 (1.55)

0.016

1.88 (5.55)

0.66 (1.55)

0.028

LUL ^c

1.43 (5.58)

0.47 (1.53)

0.053

0.88 (1.55)

0.54 (1.76)

0.347

2.53 (9.13)

0.52 (1.52)

0.008

LLL ^c

1.43 (3.85)

1.76 (7.22)

0.774

1.92 (7.17)

0.49 (1.52)

0.020

0.84 (3.01)

1.76 (6.85)

0.596

RUL ^c

1.14 (2.72)

1.00 (2.58)

0.755

1.11 (2.90)

1.02 (2.57)

0.866

1.15 (3.39)

1.02 (2.54)

0.849

RML ^c

0.14 (0.33)

0.20 (0.66)

0.551

0.12 (0.34)

0.20 (0.64)

0.561

0.00 (0.00)

0.20 (0.63)

0.197

RLL ^c

1.02 (2.29)

0.79 (4.28)

0.731

1.30 (2.81)

0.77 (4.07)

0.527

0.68 (1.62)

0.85 (4.07)

0.863

Lobes involved Fibrosis ^b

 0

14 (31.8)

59 (36.4)

0.041

10 (38.5)

63 (35.0)

0.127

9 (56.2)

64 (33.7)

0.120

 1

4 (9.1)

35 (21.6)

2 (7.7)

37 (20.6)

1 (6.2)

38 (20.0)

 2

13 (29.5)

22 (13.6)

8 (30.8)

27 (15.0)

4 (25.0)

31 (16.3)

 ≥ 3

13 (29.5)

46 (28.4)

6 (23.1)

53 (29.4)

2 (12.5)

57 (30.0)

GGO percentage in:

 Whole lung ^c

1.08 (3.38)

0.17 (0.68)

0.002

1.70 (4.31)

0.18 (0.65)

< 0.001

1.63 (3.83)

0.26 (1.35)

0.002

 LUL ^c

1.13 (6.19)

0.17 (1.62)

0.077

1.19 (3.50)

0.21 (0.92)

0.021

0.24 (0.90)

0.39 (3.32)

0.865

 LLL ^c

0.06 (0.20)

0.13 (0.97)

0.650

1.73 (8.00)

0.18 (1.57)

0.572

0.00 (0.00)

0.13 (0.90)

0.580

 RUL ^c

0.34 (1.20)

0.13 (0.72)

0.137

0.27 (1.32)

0.16 (0.76)

0.539

0.44 (1.68)

0.15 (0.74)

0.193

 RML ^c

0.15 (0.71)

0.63 (4.79)

0.504

0.25 (0.92)

0.57 (4.55)

0.720

0.40 (1.16)

0.54 (4.42)

0.903

 RLL ^c

1.99 (8.09)

0.20 (1.90)

0.010

3.25 (10.41)

0.20 (1.81)

< 0.001

5.27 (13.01)

0.19 (1.76)

< 0.001

Lobes involved GGO ^b

 0

23 (52.3)

114 (70.4)

0.048

14 (53.8)

123 (68.3)

0.123

11 (68.8)

126 (66.3)

0.831

 1

14 (31.8)

31 (19.1)

8 (30.8)

37 (20.6)

4 (25.0)

41 (21.6)

 2

6 (13.6)

9 (5.6)

4 (15.4)

11 (6.1)

1 (6.2)

14 (7.4)

 ≥ 3

1 (2.3)

8 (4.9)

0 (0.0)

9 (5.0)

0 (0.0)

9 (4.7)

Consolidation percentage in:

 Whole lung ^c

2.40 (3.10)

2.05 (3.50)

0.557

2.27 (3.30)

2.11 (3.44)

0.821

2.04 (2.86)

2.13 (3.46)

0.913

 LUL ^c

2.05 (4.95)

3.28 (9.86)

0.426

2.67 (6.92)

2.57 (5.21)

0.933

2.02 (5.03)

3.10 (9.31)

0.649

 LLL ^c

2.15 (6.00)

1.66 (5.56)

0.615

2.53 (5.74)

3.09 (9.44)

0.769

1.41 (4.23)

1.80 (5.75)

0.795

 RUL ^c

4.48 (10.63)

3.66 (9.68)

0.627

3.06 (8.60)

3.95 (10.05)

0.668

2.31 (6.02)

3.96 (10.12)

0.521

 RML ^c

2.16 (5.85)

1.37 (5.32)

0.390

2.68 (7.08)

1.37 (5.16)

0.251

2.45 (5.62)

1.46 (5.42)

0.489

 RLL ^c

3.79 (9.37)

3.76 (10.17)

0.986

3.06 (7.25)

3.87 (10.33)

0.699

2.90 (4.74)

3.84 (10.30)

0.716

Lobes involved consolidation ^b

 0

6 (13.6)

19 (11.7)

0.667

5 (19.2)

20 (11.1)

0.547

3 (18.8)

22 (11.6)

0.644

 1

12 (27.3)

53 (32.7)

6 (23.1)

59 (32.8)

4 (25.0)

61 (32.1)

 2

13 (29.5)

35 (21.6)

7 (26.9)

41 (22.8)

5 (31.2)

43 (22.6)

 ≥ 3

13 (29.5)

55 (34.0)

8 (30.8)

60 (33.3)

4 (25.0)

64 (33.7)

WBC (10⁹/L) ^c

6.95 (2.14)

6.89 (2.58)

0.902

6.81 (2.11)

6.92 (2.54)

0.847

6.87 (2.39)

6.91 (2.50)

0.960

NEU (10⁹/L) ^c

4.65 (1.71)

5.72 (7.90)

0.392

4.48 (1.65)

5.64 (7.51)

0.446

4.79 (1.63)

5.55 (7.33)

0.680

LYM (10⁹/L) ^c

1.50 (0.68)

1.81 (3.15)

0.526

1.55 (0.72)

1.77 (2.99)

0.704

1.38 (0.70)

1.78 (2.91)

0.585

PLT (10⁹/L) ^c

249.90 (87.56)

246.19 (93.93)

0.821

241.92 (89.88)

247.82 (92.96)

0.767

259.62 (100.60)

245.82 (91.73)

0.569

MONO (10⁹/L) ^c

0.62 (0.23)

0.57 (0.27)

0.390

0.62 (0.26)

0.58 (0.26)

0.483

0.59 (0.23)

0.58 (0.27)

0.909

AEC (10⁹/L) ^c

0.15 (0.12)

0.19 (0.31)

0.440

0.14 (0.12)

0.19 (0.29)

0.441

0.15 (0.11)

0.19 (0.29)

0.574

Hb (g/L) ^c

129.02 (18.65)

128.97 (20.59)

0.987

127.56 (20.38)

129.20 (20.14)

0.706

127.50 (24.58)

129.12 (19.73)

0.759

ALB (g/L) ^c

41.00 (4.58)

40.77 (4.81)

0.786

41.19 (4.88)

40.76 (4.74)

0.671

41.95 (4.55)

40.72 (4.77)

0.320