Fig. 3

The procedure of feature selection utilizing the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression model. The features with non-zero coefficients retained after selection. Feature selection for pathomics (a-c); Feature selection for radiomics (c-f); Feature selection for radiopathomics (g-i). Optimal λ values are chosen based on 10-fold cross-validation and minimum Mean Squared Error (MSE), represented by vertical dashed lines (a, d, g). Display LASSO coefficients for different λ values, where vertical dashed lines indicate the number of features corresponding to the optimal λ value (b, e, h). Following the application of LASSO regression for feature selection, exclusively those features exhibiting non-zero coefficients were retained (c, f, i)