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Table 4 Associations between selected sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological factors and mean anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder scores* at second investigation (T2) among Omani children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer (N = 92)

From: Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder among Omani children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer: a prospective cross-sectional study

Characteristic

Anxiety score

Depression score

PTSD score

Mean ± SD

Statistics†

p value

Mean ± SD

Statistics†

p value

Mean ± SD

Statistics†

p value

Gender

         

Female

22.5 ± 10.9

0.656

0.514

13.1 ± 9.6

-0.497

0.620

22.3 ± 18.0

0.481

0.631

Male

21.0 ± 11.2

14.0 ± 8.4

20.5 ± 16.0

Age‡

-

0.424

< 0.001^

-

0.419

< 0.001^

-

0.434

< 0.001^

Age group

         

Children

19.2 ± 8.9

-2.919

0.006^

11.3 ± 7.3

-3.529

0.001^

16.9 ± 12.8

-3.285

0.002^

Adolescents

26.9 ± 13.1

18.5 ± 10.1

30.3 ± 20.4

Diagnosis

         

Leukaemia

22.1 ± 10.9

0.355

0.786

15.8 ± 9.9

2.426

0.071

21.2 ± 16.1

0.872

0.459

Lymphoma

20.4 ± 9.3

9.8 ± 5.3

17.9 ± 13.4

Solid tumour

23.1 ± 13.1

13.9 ± 9.9

25.6 ± 22.0

Brain tumour

19.2 ± 11.4

15.2 ± 7.0

19.0 ± 10.6

Time since diagnosis, months

         

< 1

20.1 ± 10.2

2.501

0.088

13.0 ± 9.1

0.548

0.580

19.7 ± 17.1

2.244

0.112

1–2

26.1 ± 13.2

15.2 ± 9.6

28.4 ± 16.4

≥ 3

24.6 ± 9.6

15.1 ± 5.1

17.3 ± 11.5

Type of cancer diagnosis

         

Relapse

21.8 ± 11.8

0.033

0.974

19.0 ± 10.7

1.926

0.057

22.8 ± 19.2

0.279

0.781

New

21.7 ± 11.0

13.1 ± 8.6

21.1 ± 16.7

Cancer risk¶

         

Not applicable

12.5 ± 4.8

4.310

0.007^

8.7 ± 4.4

4.362

0.007^

14.3 ± 8.6

2.369

0.076

Standard

19.1 ± 10.1

11.9 ± 8.7

18.2 ± 18.7

Intermediate

19.2 ± 8.6

10.5 ± 6.2

17.1 ± 12.1

High

25.6 ± 12.0

17.0 ± 9.8

26.2 ± 18.4

Cancer stage

         

Not applicable

21.7 ± 10.9

0.680

0.608

15.4 ± 10.0

1.484

0.214

21.0 ± 16.0

0.795

0.532

I

24.7 ± 11.8

10.7 ± 7.2

27.6 ± 24.2

II

19.3 ± 9.1

10.3 ± 7.0

17.5 ± 9.4

III

19.0 ± 11.4

10.8 ± 7.7

17.4 ± 14.9

IV

23.9 ± 11.5

15.1 ± 8.4

24.8 ± 19.6

Treatment type

         

Chemotherapy alone

19.4 ± 9.3

2.090

0.089

12.2 ± 8.9

2.047

0.095

17.9 ± 13.9

2.108

0.087

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy

25.4 ± 10.3

13.7 ± 7.7

29.3 ± 21.0

Chemotherapy and surgery

26.8 ± 13.8

14.3 ± 9.4

30.7 ± 20.5

Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery

21.3 ± 13.3

16.5 ± 7.2

20.3 ± 15.2

Chemotherapy and transplant

29.2 ± 16.0

22.8 ± 11.0

24.8 ± 25.8

Aware of diagnosis

         

Yes

27.2 ± 13.2

2.831

0.007^

18.4 ± 9.7

3.176

0.003^

30.3 ± 20.7

2.967

0.005^

No

19.4 ± 9.2

11.7 ± 7.8

17.5 ± 13.4

Psychological distress

         

Anxiety‡

 

-

-

 

0.550

< 0.001^

 

0.699

< 0.001^

Depression‡

 

0.550

< 0.001^

 

-

-

 

0.666

< 0.001^

PTSD‡

 

0.699

< 0.001^

 

0.666

< 0.001^

 

-

-

  1. Abbreviations: PTSD: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, SD: Standard Deviation. *The presence of anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms was assessed using validated Arabic versions of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children, and Impact of Event Scale-Revised instruments, respectively. Scores of ≥ 25, ≥15, and ≥ 33, respectively, were considered indicative of an anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms, and a probable diagnosis of PTSD [15,16,17,18,19,20]. †Calculated using either analysis of variance or an independent sample t-test, as appropriate. ‡Using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. ^Considered statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05. ¶Estimated based on the participant’s age at diagnosis, disease stage, tumour histology, MYCN status (amplified versus nonamplified), and tumour cell ploidy status [21]
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BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

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